Written by Ad OpsA Brief Overview of Pink LemonAid S1
Pink LemonAid S1 is a boutique hybrid created by Mosca Seeds (often stylized as Moscaseeds), a breeder known for preserving classic flavors while refining modern potency. The “S1” in its name means this line was created by selfing a single elite Pink LemonAid mother, resulting in feminized seed that tends to express the chosen parent with higher consistency. Although its exact parentage is not publicly confirmed, the cultivar reliably presents a citrus-forward profile with berry-pink nuances and a balanced indica/sativa experience. Growers and consumers often describe it as a high-spirited, sunny strain that still lands softly into body comfort.
As a hybrid with indica/sativa heritage, Pink LemonAid S1 typically shows vigorous vegetative growth and a well-proportioned structure that responds well to training. It thrives in controlled indoor environments but can perform outdoors where autumn remains dry and mild. Aromatically, it leans into lemon zest, pink lemonade, and sweet-tart candy tones supported by a floral-spice backbone. The overall package is designed for flavor hunters seeking a bright, feel-good profile without giving up density, resin, or modern potency.
In consumer circles, Pink LemonAid S1 is appreciated for its engaging daytime usability coupled with an easy glide into evening relaxation. Reported effects tend to be clear and cheerful at low-to-moderate doses, becoming heavier and more introspective as the dose climbs. With modern grows, it often shows terpene concentrations in the 1.5–3.0% range by dry weight, a level that supports vivid aroma and layered flavor. This terpene richness pairs with THC commonly reported in the upper teens through mid-20s, making dosage awareness important for new users.
The cultivar has also earned a quiet reputation among home growers for being both manageable and rewarding. It tends to finish in a reasonable 8–9 week window indoors and can push attractive hues if nighttime temperatures dip slightly. Between its approachable structure, crowd-pleasing flavor, and head-to-toe balance, Pink LemonAid S1 lives up to its name as a refreshing, pink-tinged treat. Whether you’re after boutique jar appeal or a reliable daily driver, it’s a well-rounded choice with personality.
History and Breeding Background
Mosca Seeds has long specialized in curating and stabilizing flavorful heirlooms and contemporary favorites, routinely releasing selections that perform in both hobby and professional rooms. Pink LemonAid S1 follows that tradition, applying a selfing (S1) approach to capture and reproduce a single standout Pink LemonAid mother in seed form. While many breeders keep their exact source cuts guarded, the S1 process itself is transparent: a chosen female is reversed to produce pollen, which then pollinates the same genetic individual, producing seeds that are overwhelmingly female. The result is a seed line that echoes the original mother closely, improving predictability for growers.
Because Mosca Seeds operates in a competitive and often proprietary landscape, details about Pink LemonAid’s original parents have not been formally published. This strategy is common in the premium seed market, where protecting the uniqueness of a flagship cultivar can matter as much as the cultivar’s agronomic traits. It also reflects how cannabis breeding has historically evolved—through elite cuts, trades, and guarded lineage—rather than through fully open-source pedigrees. For consumers and growers, what matters most is the expression: citrus-bright aromatics, pink-fruit undertones, and dependable structure.
The strain’s reception has been driven by that flavor-first approach, a theme across many Mosca releases. Lemon-centric cultivars have maintained market traction for over a decade, regularly ranking among the most searched flavor families in retail data sets. Pink LemonAid S1 steps into that space with a more confectionary, pink-fruit spin that stands out among strictly sour or fuel-leaning citrus strains. This niche has helped the cultivar find a loyal following with connoisseurs who prioritize both nose and resin.
As legalization expanded, the S1 format itself gained in popularity by giving home growers feminized reliability without abandoning complexity. Growers appreciate that S1s generally reduce the risk of male plants while keeping a high ceiling for quality. In practice, Pink LemonAid S1 fits that need by producing a fairly uniform canopy when topped or scrogged, a boon for tents and small rooms. Its combination of accessible cultivation and boutique sensory qualities has been central to its traction.
Genetic Lineage and S1 Mechanics
Pink LemonAid S1’s official parentage has not been publicly released by Mosca Seeds, and catalogs frequently list it simply as an indica/sativa hybrid. In the absence of formal disclosure, community speculation often centers on lemon-dominant stock paired with colorful, sweet berry or floral influences. Importantly, these are hypotheses rather than verified facts; they serve to explain the cultivar’s sensory profile rather than to define its pedigree. As with many modern hybrids, the final expression likely reflects complex polyhybrid ancestry.
The “S1” designation clarifies how this line was produced: a single Pink LemonAid female was reversed to create pollen, which was then used to pollinate that same plant. This selfing process typically increases the transmission of the mother’s traits and produces a high percentage of female offspring, commonly 99%+ in well-executed feminization protocols. While S1s can show modest segregation into two or three phenotypic lanes, they’re far more uniform than open F1 polyhybrids. For growers, this translates into tighter canopy height and aroma consistency.
Some strain genealogies in public databases group cultivars with undisclosed or murky lineages under umbrella categories like “Unknown Strain,” underscoring the gaps in public pedigrees. Resources such as SeedFinder document entire genealogies that include “Unknown Strain” entries, illustrating how commonplace this secrecy can be in cannabis breeding. Pink LemonAid S1 fits into that contemporary reality: a proven, experience-forward cultivar positioned ahead of its fully revealed family tree. From the consumer lens, the end result is what counts—citrus brightness, pink sweetness, and balanced potency.
Feminized seed formats are widely debated in cultivation communities, with discussions often weighing the convenience of all-female crops against perceived trade-offs. Educational sites that compare feminized versus regular seed highlight clear advantages for space-limited growers: no culling of males and more predictable plant counts. In that context, an S1 like Pink LemonAid offers a practical path to boutique flower without the logistical overhead of running regular seed. For many home cultivators, that convenience is decisive.
Appearance and Morphology
Pink LemonAid S1 tends to produce medium-height plants with well-spaced internodes and an upright, branchy structure. In veg, it shows vibrant green, slightly serrated leaves that hint at hybrid vigor rather than a narrow sativa or broad indica extreme. The plant readily adapts to topping, low-stress training, and screen-of-green (SCROG), creating evenly lit canopies with numerous tops. Its calyx-to-leaf ratio is typically favorable, which simplifies trimming and showcases resin.
During flower, buds develop into dense, conical stacks with pronounced calyx swell and heavy trichome coverage. Under cooler nights—about 5–8°C lower than daytime—some phenotypes display pink-to-magenta pistils and subtle blushes along sugar leaves. This coloration stems from anthocyanin expression and is more pronounced when the plant is well-fed but not over-nitrogenated. Sugar leaves often hold a frosted look, hinting at good returns for hash makers.
Colas are often medium-thick rather than oversized, a structure that supports good airflow and mitigates botrytis risk. Side branches can carry substantial weight if trellised, with a typical indoor stretch in early flower of about 1.5–2.0x. Growers who pre-plan canopy management usually end up with a flat, productive screen and consistent cola size. That consistency reflects the S1’s tendency toward uniformity.
Jar appeal is a highlight: lime-green calyxes, pinkish pistils on select phenos, and a shimmering resin coat. When dried and cured properly, the flowers retain a slight pastel cast that pairs nicely with the “pink lemonade” aroma story. Trimmed, the buds are tidy and compact, with minimal crow’s-foot leaf left behind. The overall presentation reads boutique even before the jar is opened.
Aroma and Flavor
True to its name, Pink LemonAid S1 leads with bright lemon zest, sweet-tart pink lemonade, and a feathery cotton-candy edge. On the dry pull, users often report a sherbet-like tickle followed by candied citrus peel. Grinding releases a rounder, fruit-punch impression, with berry-floral notes that soften any sharp citrus. A faint, grounding spice—likely from caryophyllene—keeps the aroma from drifting too sugary.
On the palate, the first impression is zesty and effervescent, like lemon soda over crushed ice. The mid-palate evolves into raspberry-lemon candy with subtle rosewater, a cue that suggests contributions from linalool or geraniol in some phenos. The finish is clean and lightly creamy, avoiding the acrid bitterness some lemon cultivars can produce at higher temperatures. Low-temperature vaporization preserves this cream-sherbet tone especially well.
Users who roll joints commonly describe a sweet lemon exhale that persists through the middle of the session, with little harshness if the flower is properly dried and cured. In bongs and vaporizers, terpene expression can swing with temperature; keeping vaporizer settings in the 175–190°C range often maximizes citrus brightness. Higher temperatures unlock more spice and earth, trading some candy notes for a bolder tail. Across methods, the aftertaste remains distinctly lemon-forward with pink-fruit accents.
The bouquet tends to intensify after a slow cure, peaking around week three to five in a 58–62% RH environment. Many growers report that a 10–14 day slow dry followed by a month-long cure preserves the candied citrus motif. The end result is an aroma profile that’s both nostalgic and modern—a throwback lemonade stand guided by contemporary terpene richness. It’s a hallmark of the cultivar and a primary reason it wins repeat buyers.
Cannabinoid Profile (Potency and Minor Cannabinoids)
While exact laboratory ranges vary by phenotype and cultivation method, Pink LemonAid S1 is generally reported as a high-THC cultivar. Dispensary and community lab reports commonly place THC between 18–24% by dry weight, with well-optimized runs occasionally reaching the mid-20s. Total cannabinoids often fall in the 20–28% range, reflecting robust resin production and mature harvest timing. CBD is usually minimal, often below 0.5–1.0%, positioning the strain squarely in the THC-dominant category.
Minor cannabinoids can appear in trace to modest amounts depending on environmental and genetic expression. CBG often registers between 0.2–0.8%, particularly when harvested with slightly milky trichomes rather than fully amber. CBC and THCV are typically present at lower levels, often below 0.2% each, but can contribute to the entourage effect. These minor constituents, while small in percentage, can subtly shape perceived clarity and body comfort.
It’s worth noting that cannabinoid output responds strongly to cultivation variables. Adequate PPFD (700–1,000 µmol/m²/s in mid-to-late flower), balanced macronutrient ratios, and careful stress avoidance during weeks three to six of bloom support maximum cannabinoid synthesis. Improper nutrient push, especially excess nitrogen, can depress cannabinoid and terpene expression despite lush green foliage. Conversely, gentle late-flower stressors like optimized VPD and a slight night-temperature drop can nudge resin maturation.
Given the THC-forward nature of Pink LemonAid S1, product selection and dosing should be considered thoughtfully. Lower-dose formats or microdosing approaches—2.5–5 mg THC for edibles, or short inhalation sessions—allow users to gauge sensitivity. As with all THC-dominant strains, individual responses vary, and experiences are dose-dependent. Balanced products that incorporate terpene-rich flower can feel more rounded than potency alone suggests.
Terpene Profile (Dominant and Supporting Terpenes)
Pink LemonAid S1’s sensory signature points to limonene dominance supported by myrcene and beta-caryophyllene, with frequent appearances by linalool and ocimene. In well-grown examples, total terpene content commonly lands in the 1.5–3.0% range by dry weight, aligning with contemporary top-shelf outputs. Limonene often anchors the profile at roughly 0.5–1.2%, contributing sparkling citrus aromatics and an uplifted headspace. Beta-caryophyllene typically falls around 0.3–0.6%, rounding the flavor with peppery warmth and potential CB2 receptor activity.
Myrcene may present between 0.2–0.5%, lending a soft, fruity base that supports the “pink” confection vibe without dragging the cultivar into heavy sedation. Linalool, if present at 0.1–0.3%, adds floral, slightly lavender facets that many perceive as the “rosewater” nuance in the finish. Ocimene and/or terpinolene can contribute to the airy, punch-like top notes in select phenotypes, reinforcing the fresh, juice-stand impression. Together, the blend reads as bright, round, and easy to enjoy across temperatures.
From a cultivation perspective, terpene retention benefits from environmental discipline. Late-flower canopy temps held near 24–26°C with VPD around 1.1–1.3 kPa help minimize volatilization and maintain resin integrity. Post-harvest handling matters equally: slow drying at 18–20°C and 55–60% RH followed by a patient cure preserves monoterpenes like limonene. Quick, hot dries reliably flatten the candy-lemon profile and should be avoided.
It’s important to note that terpene outputs are phenotype and environment contingent, even in S1 lines. Two plants grown side by side can yield perceivably different bouquets if their microclimates diverge. Uniform lighting, air movement, and feeding schedules help converge expression and maintain the cultivar’s signature. In optimized conditions, Pink LemonAid S1 tends to deliver a reliably vibrant citrus-pink terpene ensemble.
Experiential Effects and Use Patterns
Users commonly describe Pink LemonAid S1 as bright and mood-elevating during the initial onset, settling into a comfortable, body-light relaxation. Inhaled effects typically appear within 1–3 minutes, peaking at around 30–45 minutes, and tapering over 2–3 hours. The front end feels clear and sociable for many, without the jitteriness that some high-limonene cultivars can produce at high doses. As the session matures, a cozy, pressure-relief sensation spreads through the shoulders and back.
Focus and creativity often benefit at low-to-moderate doses, making it a popular strain for light tasks, walks, or social gatherings. The citrus-forward terpene stack seems to pair well with daytime use, especially in environments where stress relief and good spirits are valued. At higher doses, the cultivar becomes more introspective and can encourage couch time, particularly in the later evening. The transition from uplift to relaxation tends to be smooth rather than abrupt.
Physiologically, users report reduced perceived stress and improved sense of ease, which can translate into more fluid social interactions. Appetite stimulation ranges from mild to moderate, ramping up as dosage increases or when the flower is consumed later in the day. Dry mouth is common, while red eyes are moderate; these are typical THC-mediated side effects and are dose-dependent. Some sensitive users may experience transient anxiety at high doses, a reminder to start low and go slow.
Because Pink LemonAid S1 often exhibits terpene totals above 1.5%, the strain’s complexity can make lower doses feel more satisfying. This allows consumers to enjoy flavor and mood benefits without overshooting their comfort zone. Pairing consumption with hydration and a small snack can smooth the experience further, especially for new users. For many, the cultivar becomes a reliable “good mood” option that still respects productivity when dosed thoughtfully.
Potential Medical Uses and Considerations
The uplifting yet gentle arc of Pink LemonAid S1 suggests potential utility for mood support. Anecdotally, users note reductions in perceived stress and low mood, especially with daytime microdosing strategies. A typical starting point for inhalation is one to two small puffs, reassessing after 10–15 minutes to gauge response. For edibles made from this flower, initial doses of 2.5–5 mg THC are commonly recommended to new or infrequent users.
The cultivar’s body-easing properties may help with tension-related discomfort, particularly in the neck and shoulders. A limonene-forward, caryophyllene-supported profile has been associated with relaxation and perceived stress relief in user reports. Some individuals find it helpful for settling pre-meal jitters and gently encouraging appetite without heavy sedation. Because the strain isn’t typically immobilizing at moderate doses, daytime functional relief is plausible.
Sleep-related benefits may occur as a secondary effect when used in the evening, especially after the initial uplift transitions to body calm. However, for primary insomnia, heavier, myrcene-dominant cultivars may be more reliable. Pink LemonAid S1’s balanced nature makes it a candidate for winding down rather than inducing deep sedation. Dose timing—late afternoon or early evening—can be key for those exploring sleep support.
As always with THC-dominant flower, contraindications exist. Individuals prone to anxiety spikes with high-THC strains should begin with very low doses and consider combining with calming environments or CBD. Those with cardiovascular or psychiatric conditions should consult a clinician before use. This information is not medical advice; responses vary widely, and careful self-observation is essential.
Comprehensive Cultivation Guide: From Seed to Harvest
Seed selection and germination: As an S1 feminized line, Pink LemonAid S1 removes the need to identify and cull males, streamlining small grows. Viable seeds typically crack within 24–72 hours using common methods like moist paper towels at 24–26°C or direct-planting in a lightly moistened starter mix. Maintain gentle heat and high humidity (70–80%) until cotyledons unfurl, then supply 200–300 µmol/m²/s of light. Avoid overwatering; seedlings prefer light, frequent moisture rather than saturation.
Vegetative growth: Transition to 18/6 lighting with 400–600 µmol/m²/s PPFD and maintain temps at 24–28°C with 60–70% RH. In soil, target pH 6.2–6.8; in coco/hydro, 5.8–6.2. Early topping at the 5th–6th node promotes a compact, branching structure ideal for SCROG or multi-top canopies. Expect a manageable, steady stretch potential once flipped, typically 1.5–2.0x, and plan trellis installation before the flip.
Training and canopy management: Pink LemonAid S1 responds exceptionally well to low-stress training, topping, and light supercropping in late veg. Defoliation should be conservative: remove large, obstructive fan leaves a week before flip and again around day 21 of flower to improve airflow. A 2-inch grid SCROG supports uniform cola development while preventing flop late in bloom. Keep canopy distance from LEDs at manufacturer-recommended levels, generally 30–45 cm in flower for modern fixtures.
Nutrition: Start with a balanced veg feed around EC 1.2–1.6 in coco/hydro, increasing to EC 1.8–2.2 in peak flower depending on cultivar appetite and light intensity. In soil, focus on amended mixes rich in calcium and magnesium; supplement with Cal-Mag if using RO water. Excess nitrogen late in veg can inhibit color development and terpene expression; taper N as you approach week two of bloom. Target a K-leaning ratio in mid-to-late flower to support resin and density.
Environmental control: Maintain VPD near 0.9–1.1 kPa in veg and 1.1–1.4 kPa in flower to balance transpiration and pathogen resistance. Day temps of 24–26°C in bloom with nights 18–20°C help stack terpenes and encourage pink hues in receptive phenotypes. Keep RH around 55–60% in early flower, dropping to 45–50% by week six to deter botrytis. Gentle, multidirectional airflow is crucial for preserving the cultivar’s dense cola structure.
Flowering timeline: Pink LemonAid S1 typically finishes in 8–9 weeks indoors, with many growers harvesting around day 60–65. Early finishing phenos show a fast calyx swell by week five and complete resin maturation by week eight. Outdoor growers in temperate zones should plan for a mid-October harvest, prioritizing sites with strong sun and low autumn humidity. Staggered harvests—taking top colas first—can optimize ripeness across a dense canopy.
Integrated pest management (IPM): Preventative strategies are more successful than reactive ones. Use sticky traps, weekly leaf inspections, and beneficial insects as needed (e.g., Amblyseius swirskii for thrips/whitefly pressure). Neem alternatives like horticultural oils or biologicals (Bacillus subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens) fit well in veg but should be avoided late in flower. Maintain clean intakes and quarantine new clones to prevent introductions.
Irrigation strategy: In coco/hydro, multiple small feeds per day during peak transpiration can stabilize EC and improve growth. In soil, water to 10–20% runoff when the pot is “light,” roughly every 2–4 days depending on container size and environment. Overwatering is a common error that reduces oxygenation and root vigor; aim for a wet-dry rhythm that invites roots to explore. Auto-irrigation with precise timers can improve consistency and yields.
Lighting and DLI: Target a daily light integral (DLI) of 30–40 mol/m²/day in veg and 40–50 mol/m²/day in flower for high-energy indoor grows. PPFD of 700–1,000 µmol/m²/s during weeks three to seven of flower supports strong cannabinoid and terpene outputs. If running CO₂ enrichment (800–1,200 ppm), you can safely push PPFD higher within thermal limits. Always verify leaf surface temps with an IR thermometer to avoid hidden heat stress.
Yield expectations: With good training and environmental control, indoor yields of 450–600 g/m² are realistic, with dialed-in SCROG runs occasionally exceeding that range. Outdoor plants in favorable climates can produce 600–900+ g per plant with adequate root volume and sun exposure. Efficiency metrics of 1.0–1.6 g/W are achievable under modern LEDs with disciplined IPM and nutrition. Note that terpene-maximizing strategies sometimes trade marginal yield for flavor—an acceptable balance for connoisseur flower.
Flushing and pre-harvest practices: Many growers transition to a low-EC or water-only regimen in the final 7–10 days, especially in inert media, to encourage a clean burn. Monitor trichomes closely: a common target is mostly cloudy with 5–15% amber for a balanced head-body effect. Lowering night temps by ~2–4°C in the final week can nudge color and tighten terpene retention. Keep airflow gentle to avoid volatilizing aromatic monoterpenes close to harvest.
Post-Harvest: Drying, Curing, and Storage
Drying: Hang whole plants or large branches in a dark room at 18–20°C and 55–60% RH with gentle airflow for 10–14 days. Whole-plant drying preserves terpenes and slows moisture loss, which benefits Pink LemonAid S1’s delicate candy-lemon top notes. Avoid rapid drying below 5 days; it can produce hay-like chlorophyll notes and mute citrus. Stems should snap with a slight bend when ready for trim and jar.
Trimming: A careful hand trim protects trichome heads and jar appeal. Because Pink LemonAid S1 generally has a favorable calyx-to-leaf ratio, trimming is efficient and yields a clean, boutique look. Collect sugar trim for hash or rosin; the cultivar’s resin often presses well at 80–90°C with yields that reward careful harvest timing. Use cold rooms or chill breaks when possible to minimize terpene loss during long trim sessions.
Curing: Jar at 58–62% RH using calibrated hygrometers, burping daily for the first 7–10 days. Most jars reach an aromatic peak between weeks three and five, when the lemonade-candy profile becomes vivid and layered. If RH climbs above 65%, open jars longer or move buds to a larger container to off-gas excess moisture. Avoid adding artificial humidity packs until after the initial cure has stabilized.
Storage: Keep finished jars in a cool, dark place below 20°C to extend terpene life; monoterpenes degrade measurably at sustained temps above the low 20s°C. Use airtight, lightproof containers and avoid frequent opening to limit oxygen exposure. Properly stored, Pink LemonAid S1 retains strong aroma for several months, with gradual softening of the brightest notes over time. For long-term storage, consider vacuum-sealed mason adapters or inert-gas headspace purges.
Phenotype Notes and Selection Tips
Despite the uniformity advantages of an S1, expect two to three phenotypic lanes to appear, especially in larger seed runs. A citrus-dominant pheno (“Lemon Sparkle”) typically grows slightly taller, stacks quickly, and pushes the brightest zest and soda-pop notes. A pink-berry pheno (“Blush Candy”) tends to show stronger pistil coloration and a smoother, cream-sherbet finish. A balanced pheno (“Lemon Rosé”) sits between them with refined candy-lemon and a mild floral-spice tail.
Select keepers based on your priorities. Flavor hunters may favor the Blush Candy lane, while yield-focused growers with strong light intensity often prefer Lemon Sparkle. For extract work, analyze resin feel during strip—greasy, adhesive trichomes that clump on scissors are a good sign. Keep environmental conditions consistent across test plants so phenotype differences reflect genetics rather than microclimate.
When cloning candidates, take cuts in week three of veg or week one of flower (for monster-cropping) to lock in structure early. Label meticulously, track internode spacing, resin onset, and late-flower stability, and trial clones in the same media and pot size. Smoke-test cured flower side by side under identical conditions to avoid bias. The best keeper balances depth of flavor, effect profile, and agronomic reliability.
Note that color expression varies with environment even within the same pheno. Cooler nights and careful nitrogen tapering tend to deepen pink hues. However, avoid chasing color at the expense of plant health—overall resin quality and terpene density should remain the primary selection metrics. In most rooms, a well-grown “Lemon Rosé” expression becomes the crowd favorite for everyday jars.
Contextual Notes on Sources and Lineage Transparency
In the broader cannabis ecosystem, not every cultivar’s full pedigree is openly published. Databases that map strain genealogies often include entries for lines that trace back to “Unknown Strain” placeholders, highlighting how incomplete documentation can be. This is not unusual and reflects decades of informal breeding, clone trading, and proprietary protection among seedmakers. Pink LemonAid S1 sits comfortably within this reality—its experience is well-defined even if its full family tree is not.
General cultivation education resources frequently compare feminized and regular seeds, discussing pros and cons for growers at different scales. Such guides emphasize that feminized formats, including S1s, can dramatically simplify small-space grows by removing male selection and stabilizing plant counts. They also explore topics like how feminization is performed and what to expect from resulting offspring. These themes are directly relevant to Pink LemonAid S1 as a feminized, selfed line.
When parsing online strain pages and genealogy charts, it’s worth distinguishing between verified breeder statements and community speculation. Reputable aggregators sometimes mark lineages as unverified or unknown rather than filling gaps with guesses. For Pink LemonAid S1, the most consistent, defensible data points are its breeder (Mosca Seeds), hybrid indica/sativa heritage, and its characteristic citrus-pink sensory profile. Growers are best served by focusing on agronomic performance and sensory outcomes while treating unconfirmed parentage as background color, not core fact.
Ultimately, the strongest proof of a cultivar is in the garden and the jar. Pink LemonAid S1’s reliable 8–9 week finish, strong terpene output, and lively, balanced high are repeatedly observable across environments. Those reproducible traits matter more for everyday growers than perfectly mapped ancestry. In that sense, Pink LemonAid S1 reflects modern cannabis priorities: flavor, function, and farmability.
