Written by Ad OpsExecutive Overview
Michigan Purple Haze is a modern, Michigan-bred reinterpretation of a classic psychedelic namesake, selected and released by Cosmic Wisdom for today’s high-potency, high-terpene market. While it nods to the legendary Purple Haze popularized in the 1970s, this cultivar is crafted for contemporary palates that demand vibrant color, electric energy, and layered fruit-and-incense aromatics. In practice, it behaves like a sativa-leaning hybrid with a decisive cerebral lift, often balanced by a soothing, body-light finish.
Across licensed retail menus in Michigan, comparable sativa-forward purple hybrids routinely test in the low-to-high 20s for total THC, and Michigan Purple Haze slots comfortably into that performance band depending on phenotype and cultivation. Publicly posted certificates of analysis (COAs) for premium Michigan flower commonly show total terpene loads between 1.5% and 3.0% by weight, and the best lots of this cultivar can meet or exceed those benchmarks. This combination of color, potency, and terpenes makes it a compelling pick for consumers who want a vivid, daytime-friendly experience without sacrificing density or bag appeal.
The strain’s aromatic fingerprint is anchored by bright citrus and berry tones over peppery spice and woody incense, a profile consistent with limonene- and caryophyllene-forward genetics. These notes align with broader market patterns: Leafly’s Purple Haze entry characterizes the Haze family as energizing and above-average in THC, and Leafly Buzz’s 2023 roundups celebrate the cutting-edge standard of high-THC, high-terpene “sleet of trichomes” varietals. Michigan Purple Haze aims squarely at that bar—purple coloration, effusive aroma, and a lively headspace that still cures to a smooth, sweet smoke.
Origin Story And Breeding History
Cosmic Wisdom developed Michigan Purple Haze to fuse a recognizable Haze-style stimulation with the color and candy-like aromatics that the “Michigan purple” scene is known for. The breeder’s goal was not to recreate a 1960s relic, but to capture the spirit—vigor, clarity, and a touch of psychedelia—inside a modern, terpene-rich chassis. By anchoring the project in Michigan’s climate and consumer preferences, they shaped a cultivar that performs well indoors and outdoors across the Great Lakes region.
“Purple Haze” as a label has a long and sometimes muddled lineage, with the original Purple Haze often attributed to Haze-family cuts that exhibited purple hues or to regional selections that acquired the name through folklore. Leafly describes Purple Haze as a sativa with energizing effects and above-average THC, which contextualizes the target effect window for breeders who riff on the name. Rather than chase a singular, debated clone-only origin, Cosmic Wisdom emphasizes chemotype outcomes—high-energy onset, purple anthocyanins, and a terpene stack that reads bright, spicy, and resin-forward.
The Michigan market has also shaped breeder priorities in recent years. Consumer demand has converged on resin-drenched, terpene-rich flower that remains potent after a full cure, mirroring the national uptick in high-THC, high-terpene craft highlighted by Leafly Buzz’s “top strains” lists. Cosmic Wisdom’s program leans into that convergence, selecting for trichome coverage, anthocyanin expression under moderate night temps, and a clean burn that carries flavor deep into the joint.
Genetic Lineage And Chemotype Expectations
While Cosmic Wisdom has not publicized a point-by-point pedigree for Michigan Purple Haze, its architecture strongly suggests a Haze-influenced, purple-leaning hybrid with modern resin density. Growers commonly report a sativa-forward frame with manageable internodal spacing, moderate stretch at flip, and a 9–10 week bloom window—characteristics consistent with Haze crosses that have been tightened by contemporary breeding. The purple coloration expresses most reliably when night temperatures run 10–15°F cooler than day during late flower, indicating robust anthocyanin potential rather than a pure environmental artifact.
Chemotypically, you can expect a THC-dominant profile with trace CBD, similar to the broader Haze family that Leafly calls higher THC than average. Total cannabinoids in quality lots tend to cluster around 22–28% with outliers above 30% possible under dialed environments and high-light, CO2-enriched rooms. Terpene dominance varies by cut, but limonene, caryophyllene, and myrcene often sit at the top of the stack, with supportive pinene and ocimene adding lift.
For context, Michigan’s popular “purple” and “dessert” hybrids frequently present terpene totals near 2.0% by weight, and a limonene-over-caryophyllene balance is common among Midwest favorites like Pure Michigan, which Leafly lists as limonene-dominant. Michigan Purple Haze often echoes that ratio while adding a Haze-adjacent woody-incense accent and slight floral punch. The end result is a colorful flower with a fruit-spice equilibrium and a headspace that’s cleaner than heavy Kush lines yet more euphoric than many pure sativas.
Appearance And Morphology
Michigan Purple Haze forms medium-to-large, conical colas that stack evenly along well-branched laterals, giving a symmetrical, photogenic canopy. Calyxes are moderately sized but abundant, often swelling during the final 10–14 days as phosphorus and potassium are tapered to finish. Sugar leaves are narrow-to-medium width, with edges that can flash lavender to deep violet in cool nights.
Trichome density is a highlight: expect a frosted, almost “sleeted” look that aligns with Leafly Buzz’s description of elite modern cultivars. Heads are primarily capitate-stalked and robust, making this flower both visually compelling and efficient for solventless extraction. Pistils emerge a neon orange to copper and recede to a lighter apricot as the flower ripens.
Plant height and stretch are manageable for a Haze-influenced line, typically 1.6–2.0x after flip depending on pot size and veg time. Internodal spacing is more controlled than a classic tropical sativa, allowing for dense budset without excessive larf when light is optimized. The finished buds are moderately firm to dense, drying down to a springy, resin-rich texture that grinds cleanly without dusting into powder.
Aroma: The Terpene Bouquet
Open a jar of Michigan Purple Haze and the first impression is citrus-bright and berry-tinted, followed quickly by peppery spice and cedar-like woodiness. The top notes often indicate limonene and ocimene activity, while the mid notes suggest beta-caryophyllene and humulene adding warmth and spice. In the base, faint floral and incense qualities hint at linalool and terpinolene influences, even if they sit in minor concentrations.
Consumers familiar with Purple Haze as profiled on Leafly will recognize the energizing character carried on volatile, uplifting terpenes. That bouquet is modernized here with a denser terpene total, a trend consistent with the high-terpene focus dominating “best of” lists in recent seasons. Properly cured batches preserve a candied berry twist alongside zesty citrus, evolving toward darker berry-jam and sandalwood tones over time.
In Michigan retail, limonene-dominant strains like Pure Michigan are noted for tree-fruit and lime notes; Michigan Purple Haze threads that citrus freshness into a more incense-forward backdrop. A side-by-side smell test with Kush-heavy jars quickly shows the difference: less gas and skunk, more zest and spice. The overall result is inviting, lively, and distinctly purple without relying on the heavy fuel of traditional Kush bouquets.
Flavor And Mouthfeel
The inhale leans sweet-citrus and berry with a clean brightness that lands quickly on the palate. Mid-draw, the spice comes online—black pepper, clove, and a touch of cardamom—reflecting caryophyllene’s contribution to a warming mouthfeel. On the finish, a gentle wood-and-incense note lingers, creating a layered aftertaste that remains pleasant even after several pulls.
When vaporized at 350–370°F, the citrus and floral high notes are most apparent, making for a crisp, refreshing session. At higher temps or in combustion, the spice and wood components dominate, which can be desirable for users who prefer a fuller, warmer flavor. A proper slow cure amplifies the berry-sweetness and reduces chlorophyll edge, extending flavor longevity down the joint.
Compared with Kush-forward profiles described in Leafly’s “types of highs” guide—earthy, sour, gassy, and skunky—this strain balances toward citrus, berry, and gentle incense. Even so, a faint kush-adjacent earthiness can surface in certain phenotypes, especially those with higher myrcene and humulene content. The smoke density is medium, easy to manage, and tends to leave a lightly sweet resin ring on white paper.
Cannabinoid Profile: Potency, Ratios, And Lab Expectations
Michigan Purple Haze is THC-dominant, with most well-grown indoor lots landing in the 22–28% total THC range and total cannabinoids frequently testing 23–30%. Exceptional phenotypes under high light intensity and optimized environment can surpass 30% total cannabinoids, though stability above that threshold is rare without CO2 and meticulous post-harvest. CBD typically registers in trace amounts (<0.5%), and CBG may appear in the 0.2–1.0% range depending on harvest timing.
In Michigan’s regulated market, posted COAs for premium sativa-leaning hybrids often show similar potency bands, aligning with Leafly’s description of Purple Haze as “higher THC than average.” It is reasonable for consumers to expect a strong psychoactive effect even at modest consumption volumes. Newer users should start with reduced inhalation counts to avoid overshooting their comfort zone.
Beyond THC, some cuts exhibit modest THCV signals, usually below 0.5%, which can subtly shape the effect contour toward a leaner, more attentive high. While meaningful THCV levels are not guaranteed, growers report slightly clearer, less snacky experiences in phenos that test above trace. Ultimately, the cultivar’s potency ceiling and terpene density are the primary drivers of its punch and persistence.
Terpene Profile: Dominant Compounds And Typical Ranges
Terpene totals for Michigan Purple Haze commonly fall between 1.5% and 3.0% by weight in flower, with standouts pushing 3.5% under optimized drying and curing. Dominant terpenes are often limonene (0.3–0.8%), beta-caryophyllene (0.3–0.7%), and myrcene (0.2–0.6%). Secondary contributors frequently include alpha-pinene (0.1–0.3%), ocimene (0.05–0.2%), humulene (0.05–0.15%), and linalool (0.03–0.12%).
Limonene drives the citrus brightness and contributes to mood elevation, a pattern echoed in Michigan staples like Pure Michigan, which Leafly lists as limonene-dominant. Caryophyllene adds spice and interacts with CB2 receptors, offering a distinctive pepper warmth and potential anti-inflammatory benefits as seen in many spice-forward strains, including Purple Punch where caryophyllene is highlighted. Myrcene can soften edges, deepening berry notes and slightly increasing perceived heaviness late in the session.
Pinene and ocimene introduce lift, enhancing perceived airflow and clarity in the top end of the experience. Humulene contributes a dry, woody backbone that helps the profile feel more grown-up than candy-sweet. Linalool’s presence, even at low levels, rounds the floral undercurrent and may support calm without blunting the Haze-like spark.
Experiential Effects And Onset
The first five minutes typically bring a bright, upward lift in mood and energy, with sensory vividness reminiscent of classic Haze profiles described by Leafly. Focus narrows pleasantly, making music, color, and conversation more engaging without tipping into frenetic. Social settings benefit from the talkative, animated tone that develops as limonene and pinene-leaning lots unfold.
At the 20–40 minute mark, the experience smooths into a buoyant, day-friendly cruise with a lightweight body feel. The finish is clean for most, with a gentle return to baseline over 90–150 minutes depending on dose and tolerance. Users sensitive to stimulatory strains should pace themselves, as caryophyllene-rich phenos can feel more robust and heart-forward.
Compared to Kush-forward highs featured in Leafly’s “types of highs” overview, Michigan Purple Haze is less sedative and less couch-locked. The trajectory is linear and clear, aligning with creative tasks, walks, small group hangs, and chores that benefit from mild momentum. For some, a late-session body softness emerges, reflecting myrcene’s low-key ballast without collapsing into sedation.
Potential Side Effects, Set, And Setting
Because this strain is potent and stimulating, overconsumption can lead to raciness, dry mouth, and dry eyes. A small subset of users may experience transient anxiety at high doses, especially in unfamiliar or noisy environments. Starting low, spacing puffs, and hydrating usually manage these effects.
Newer consumers can pre-frame the session by selecting calm settings, soft lighting, and familiar music to reduce overstimulation. A snack and water nearby helps offset cottonmouth and keeps blood sugar steady during the energetic onset. Those prone to anxiety may benefit from pairing with a calming tea or taking a small CBD booster.
As with any psychoactive substance, individual biochemistry and set/setting shape outcomes dramatically. A good baseline is 1–2 small puffs, reassess at 10 minutes, then decide whether to continue. If you overshoot, breathe deeply, change the environment, and consider a light snack while you wait 20–30 minutes for intensity to recede.
Potential Medical Applications
While clinical evidence is still evolving, the strain’s limonene-forward, uplifting effect profile points to potential daytime utility for low-mood and motivational valleys. Some patients report improved outlook, task initiation, and social engagement with small, titrated doses. Beta-caryophyllene’s interaction with CB2 receptors may offer ancillary anti-inflammatory and stress-modulating support, though individual responses vary.
Users with fatigue report benefit from the clear, energizing onset that avoids the heavy sedation typical of Kush-dominant varieties. The modest myrcene content can take the edge off intensity, making the arc smoother for those new to sativa-leaning hybrids. However, patients with anxiety disorders should approach cautiously and consider microdosing to assess reactivity.
For pain, the strain is unlikely to match the heavy body relief of indica-leaning cultivars, but it may help with distraction, reframing, and mood carry-through on lighter pain days. Those experiencing appetite fluctuations may notice a gentle increase, though Michigan Purple Haze is less munchie-prone than dessert Kushes renowned for earthy, gassy terpenes. As always, medical use should be discussed with a clinician, and cannabis is not a substitute for prescribed treatment.
Comprehensive Cultivation Guide: Indoors And Outdoors
Michigan Purple Haze performs well in controlled environments and can finish outdoors in temperate climates with a favorable fall. Indoors, expect a 63–70 day flowering window from flip, with some phenotypes finishing as early as day 60 and others rewarding patience to day 72 for maximal color and terpene depth. The plant stretches 1.6–2.0x, making it suitable for tents and rooms where vertical control is needed.
For indoor photoperiods, a 4–6 week vegetative phase at 18/6 works well, with topping and early training to fill the canopy. Target 750–900 µmol/m²/s PPFD in mid-flower and 900–1,050 µmol/m²/s in late flower without CO2; with CO2 at 1,100–1,300 ppm, you can push to 1,200–1,400 µmol/m²/s if VPD is dialed. In soil, maintain pH 6.2–6.6; in coco/hydro, hold pH 5.7–6.0 for optimal nutrient uptake.
Outdoors in Michigan and similar latitudes, plan for an early October harvest window for most phenotypes, with faster cuts ready late September under ideal conditions. Choose sites with maximal sun exposure, strong airflow, and morning light to evaporate dew quickly. To coax color, late-season night temps in the mid-50s°F help, but prioritize plant health over chasing purple if a cold snap threatens.
Propagation, Training, And Canopy Management
Both seed and clone paths are viable, though clone runs ensure canopy uniformity and synchronized finish. If starting from seed, pop a 1.5–2.0x count over your target to allow phenohunting and selection of cuts with the best color, terpene intensity, and structure. Take cuts 10–14 days before flip for an efficient production pipeline.
Michigan Purple Haze responds well to topping at the 5th node, followed by low-stress training to create 8–12 main tops in 3–5 gallon containers. A single SCROG net stabilizes stretch and maximizes light capture; defoliate lightly at day 21 and once more at day 42 to open sites without over-stripping. Keep lollipopping conservative below the first net to avoid sacrificing yield on secondary bud sites that can finish dense on this cultivar.
For high-density rooms, consider a modest sea of green with smaller pots and minimal veg, but be mindful of stretch and ensure adequate spacing. The cultivar’s internodes allow productive, medium-height canopies where light penetration remains strong. Aim for an even canopy with 8–10 inches of uniform top colas to simplify harvest.
Nutrition, Irrigation, And Substrate Strategy
In living soil or amended organic mixes, run a balanced NPK program with steady calcium and magnesium throughout early bloom. EC targets of 1.4–1.7 (700–850 ppm 0.5 scale) in late veg and early flower are sufficient; ramp to 1.8–2.2 EC in peak bloom if plants are transpiring well. In coco or recirculating hydro, deliver frequent, lower-volume fertigation events to maintain root-zone oxygenation and avoid salt spikes.
Magnesium is critical for color expression and photosynthetic performance; supplement with 40–60 ppm Mg alongside 100–150 ppm Ca in bloom to prevent interveinal chlorosis. Sulfur supports terpene synthesis—modest increases late in bloom can enhance aroma, but avoid excess that risks off-notes. Keep nitrogen moderate after week 3 of flower to prevent leafy buds and encourage calyx swell.
Irrigation frequency should follow pot size, environment, and plant size; coco thrives on multiple daily events at 10–20% runoff, while soil may prefer one thorough watering every 2–3 days. Allow slight drybacks to maintain root vigor without wilting. Monitor runoff EC and pH to avoid hidden accumulation that can mute terpene expression.
Environmental Control: Light, Temperature, Humidity, And CO2
During veg, run 75–80°F days and 65–70% RH, targeting a VPD around 0.8–1.1 kPa for robust growth. In early flower, set 74–78°F days and 58–65% RH, then taper RH to 50–55% by week 6 to protect dense colas. Night temperatures 10–15°F lower than day in late flower promote purple hues and resin density without stalling metabolism.
Under non-enriched rooms, maximize PPFD to 900–1,050 µmol/m²/s in late flower and observe leaf posture and runoff EC to avoid overdriving. With CO2 enrichment to 1,100–1,300 ppm, you can safely push 1,200–1,400 µmol/m²/s if irrigation and nutrients keep pace. Maintain strong, non-desiccating airflow across and through the canopy, and ensure regular negative pressure cycles to swap room air.
Michigan Purple Haze’s trichome “sleet” benefits from a gentle drop in average daily temperature range in the final two weeks. Avoid RH spikes during lights-off to mitigate botrytis risk in dense tops. A staged dry-down before harvest can reduce water content slightly and improve dry speed consistency.
Pest, Pathogen, And Stress Management
Dense, resin-rich colas demand a proactive IPM program to keep botrytis and powdery mildew at bay, especially in late Michigan seasons. Begin with cultural controls: strong airflow, leaf thinning, humidity management, and clean floors and walls. Use biologicals like Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in veg and early flower if needed, and discontinue foliar applications by week 3–4 of bloom.
Spider mites and thrips can exploit sativa-leaning canopies; deploy predatory mites (e.g., Neoseiulus californicus, Amblyseius swirskii) preventively in veg and early flower. Yellow and blue sticky cards monitor populations, while root drenches of beneficial microbes support plant stress tolerance. Avoid late-flower sprays that compromise trichomes and flavor.
Environmental stress—particularly heat spikes and uneven drybacks—can induce fox tailing or airy calyxes in Haze-leaning lines. Stabilize light intensity increases over several days, and maintain consistent irrigation scheduling to avoid osmotic shocks. If tip burn appears at high EC, step back 0.2–0.3 EC and reassess within 48 hours.
Flowering, Ripening, And Harvest Timing
Most phenotypes are ready between day 63 and day 70 from flip, with visible cues including orange-to-apricot pistils, swollen calyxes, and milky trichome heads. For a more uplifted, zesty profile, harvest when trichomes are 5–10% amber with most heads fully cloudy. For a rounder, slightly heavier finish, allow 10–15% amber under stable environment.
Growers chasing color should note that anthocyanin expression accelerates late, but pushing harvest purely for deeper purple can cost top-end terpenes and introduce oxidation. Instead, use night temperature differential to promote color without overshooting maturity. Track the resin under 60–100x magnification across several sites to avoid bias from early-ripening tops.
Yield potential is competitive for a sativa-leaning hybrid: indoors under 600–1,000W-class LED fixtures, 1.8–2.5 lbs per light is achievable in dialed rooms. In grams per square foot, expect 40–60 g/ft² in well-run canopies with a single trellis layer. Outdoor plants in rich soil can produce multiple pounds with adequate season length and IPM.
Drying, Curing, And Storage
Hang whole plants or large branches at 60°F and 60% RH for 10–14 days to protect volatile terpenes and maintain color. Airflow should be gentle and indirect, with complete darkness to minimize terpene oxidation and chlorophyll photodegradation. Stems should bend then snap lightly when ready to buck.
After dry, trim carefully and jar at 62% RH for a 14–28 day cure, burping minimally if your environment is controlled. Michigan Purple Haze’s bright top notes sharpen during the first week, then deepen into a berry-incense fusion by week three. Monitor jar RH with mini hygrometers and use humidity control packs if needed to stabilize.
For long-term storage, maintain 55–60°F in airtight, opaque containers with headspace minimized. Avoid repeated freeze–thaw cycles that fracture trichome heads and dump terpenes. Properly stored, the cultivar retains appealing aroma and color for 4–6 months, with best flavor in the first 90 days.
Phenotype Selection And Stabilization
When hunting from seed, prioritize cuts that show strong lemon-berry nose, clean spice mid-notes, and early resin coverage by week 4 of flower. Note internode spacing and stretch during the first 14 days after flip; target moderate stretch that fills a net without overreaching. Anthocyanin expression under mild night drops is a plus, but do not overvalue color at the expense of vigor and density.
Run at least 6–10 females in uniform conditions to compare expression, and lab test top contenders to confirm terpene totals above 2.0% where possible. Smoke-testing is equally important: the best cuts deliver a bright onset without edginess, translating to accessible daytime use. Keep meticulous records of feed, environment, and dry/cure for each candidate to avoid confounding variables.
Once selected, maintain mother stock under low-to-moderate light (250–400 µmol/m²/s) and stable nutrition to prevent mutation drift. Refresh mothers with new first-generation cuts every 6–9 months to preserve vigor. For seed projects, consider backcrossing to the standout parent to reinforce terpene and morphology targets, but validate stability over multiple filial generations.
Market Position, Comparables, And Connoisseur Notes
Michigan Purple Haze occupies the sweet spot between nostalgic name recognition and modern craft performance—purple color, animated headspace, and robust terpene density. Its jar appeal and energizing trajectory place it near other high-terp, high-THC headliners celebrated in Leafly Buzz’s annual and monthly features. Few things compete with a purple, citrus-berry incense profile that actually hits hard and burns clean.
Comparable experiences include purple-leaning Haze hybrids and some dessert-leaning sativas that carry limonene over a spicy backbone. Against a classic Purple Haze reference profile on Leafly, this cultivar is more resinous and often louder in aroma, reflecting contemporary breeding priorities. Against Kush-dominant jars, expect less gas and sedation, more zest and engagement.
Connoisseurs will appreciate how the flavor evolves across the joint and how a respectable 10–14 day dry safeguards high notes. The cultivar’s ease of training and predictable finish make it a productive addition for boutique growers. For solventless makers, the plump, resilient trichome heads translate to attractive yields with a terpene-forward melt.
Contextual Notes From Public Sources
Leafly’s Purple Haze page frames the Haze family as energizing and above-average in THC, a useful comparison point for expectations around Michigan Purple Haze’s effect contour. Leafly Buzz’s “top strains of ’23” highlights the modern benchmark of high-THC, high-terpene flowers with sleet-like trichome coverage, a standard this cultivar aspires to with its dense resin and loud nose. Leafly’s general education hub underscores how terpene dominance shapes perceived highs, reminding consumers why limonene-forward jars feel uplifting compared with caryophyllene-myrcene heavy Kush profiles.
The “types of highs” explainer describes earthy, sour, gassy, skunky terpene stacks as archetypal for Kush, contrasting the citrus and spice that define this strain’s bouquet. CannaConnection’s notes on Purple Punch’s caryophyllene and limonene help contextualize how those same terpenes present here in different ratios to shift flavor and effect. Pure Michigan’s limonene dominance, as reported by Leafly, mirrors the citrus lift commonly found in Michigan Purple Haze, though each cultivar layers distinct secondary terpenes.
Marketing copy from seed vendors like 420 Seeds speaks to consumer appetite for “ridiculous” THC levels, but practical cultivation and COAs show that balanced high terpene totals can rival sheer THC for impact. The take-home for growers and buyers alike is that terpene integrity—protected by careful dry and cure—is as crucial as raw potency. Michigan Purple Haze’s value proposition rests on getting both right: strong THC and a terp stack that sings.
Conclusion
Michigan Purple Haze is Cosmic Wisdom’s contemporary salute to an era-defining name, engineered for today’s demand for color, clarity, and complex aroma. It captures the uplifting, creative spark associated with Haze while grounding the experience in purple fruit, spice, and polished resin density. In a market that increasingly celebrates high-THC, high-terp jars, it holds its own with legitimate bag appeal and an effect profile that’s both lively and accessible.
For growers, it offers predictable stretch, a 9–10 week finish, and strong trichome production that rewards careful drying and curing. For consumers, it delivers a citrus-berry incense flavor that evolves from spark to ash, with a cheerful, social high that resists heavy sedation. With thoughtful cultivation and a gentle night temperature drop, you’ll unlock the full lavender hue and the bright, modern bouquet that make Michigan Purple Haze a standout.
As always, potency and perception vary by phenotype, environment, and post-harvest handling, so select cuts and processes that align with your goals. Whether you’re chasing a daytime creative spark, a purple jar that actually performs, or a solventless-friendly resin donor, this cultivar checks the boxes. In the ever-evolving Michigan scene, Michigan Purple Haze feels both timely and timeless—rooted in history, tuned for the present.
