Written by Ad OpsOverview and Positioning of Magnus Super Auto
Magnus Super Auto is an autoflowering cannabis cultivar developed by GB Strains with a ruderalis/sativa heritage. As a “super auto,” it is bred to deliver larger stature and higher yields than typical autoflowers while retaining the convenience of a fixed life cycle. The result is a plant that can reach photoperiod-like dimensions yet completes its run without light schedule changes. For growers seeking a balance of speed, size, and sativa-forward effects, Magnus Super Auto occupies a compelling middle ground.
Super autos are designed for extended vegetative growth before automatic flowering, often running 85–110 days seed-to-harvest. That extra time translates to increased biomass and canopy coverage compared with compact autos. Magnus Super Auto fits this profile, with indoor heights commonly in the 90–140 cm range and outdoor heights of 120–200 cm depending on latitude and season. Its ruderalis infusion ensures dependable flowering under 18–20 hours of light, simplifying scheduling for mixed gardens.
The strain’s sativa influence hints at clear-headed, mood-elevating effects supported by terpenes like terpinolene and limonene. At the same time, a modern autoflower lineage suggests THC potential aligned with contemporary standards. While actual potency varies by phenotype, environment, and feed strategy, current-generation autos frequently test between 15–22% THC in optimized conditions. In short, Magnus Super Auto aims to marry reliable performance with uplifting, daytime-suited resin.
Because the breeder is GB Strains and the declared heritage is ruderalis/sativa, cultivators can expect traits typical of that genetic blend. That often includes sturdy stems, good lateral branching, and enhanced environmental resilience compared to pure sativas. The ruderalis component improves tolerance to cooler nights and variable photoperiods, while the sativa influence drives vertical growth and energetic terpene expression. Together, they create a cultivar geared for both consistency and vigor.
History and Breeding Background
Magnus Super Auto emerges from the broader evolution of autoflowering cannabis over the past decade and a half. Early autoflowers were valued for speed and simplicity but lagged behind photoperiod strains in potency and yield. Breeders like GB Strains have since refined selections to enhance cannabinoid expression and structural vigor without sacrificing the auto trait. Magnus Super Auto represents that second-wave ethos: fast, strong, and sizeable.
Autoflowering genetics trace back to Cannabis ruderalis, a subspecies adapted to short summers and extreme photoperiods. By crossing ruderalis with potent sativas, breeders fix the day-neutral flowering gene while maintaining desirable chemotypes and morphology. The “super auto” designation signals a longer life cycle than 60–75-day autos, allowing for more robust growth before bloom. That extra runway is key to achieving near-photoperiod yields in an auto format.
GB Strains, as the originator, likely undertook multi-generational selection to stabilize Magnus Super Auto’s flowering window and plant architecture. Stabilization efforts typically involve selecting for consistent internode spacing, uniform onset of flowering around week 4–6, and terpene reproducibility. Across filial generations, breeders often cull 70–90% of test plants to lock desired traits. Over time, this narrows phenotypic variability while retaining hybrid vigor.
The result for Magnus Super Auto is a cultivar that can be seeded year-round indoors and hits full stride outdoors from late spring to early autumn. In regions with 12–14-hour summer days, super autos can still perform due to their day-neutral nature. This makes them viable at latitudes where photoperiod sativas might not finish before first frost. The capacity to run multiple autoflower cycles per outdoor season further enhances its appeal.
Market trends also shaped the Magnus profile. Consumer demand has shifted toward terpene-rich, uplifting flowers suitable for daytime use, with 60%+ of surveyed buyers in several legal markets ranking “flavor and aroma” alongside THC as top purchase drivers. Magnus Super Auto is positioned to answer that demand with a sativa-forward bouquet while benefiting from the logistical ease autos provide. That combination resonates with both home growers and craft producers.
As autoflowers now constitute a significant share of homegrown seed sales—estimates commonly range from 30–50% depending on region—the super auto category continues to expand. Magnus Super Auto, developed by GB Strains, reflects this maturation of the auto segment. Its heritage and development aim to satisfy growers who want dependable timetables and scalable yields. This makes it relevant for balconies, tents, and light-deprivation plots alike.
Genetic Lineage and Inferred Ancestry
The declared backbone of Magnus Super Auto is ruderalis/sativa, indicating the plant carries the day-neutral flowering trait from ruderalis and structural and psychoactive leanings from sativa. While GB Strains has not publicly detailed the exact parentage, typical breeding practice uses at least 20–30% ruderalis to fully stabilize the autoflower trait across generations. The remaining genetic proportion is oriented toward sativa dominance to deliver height, internodal spacing, and a lively terpene signature. This configuration is common among super autos designed to stretch and yield.
Ruderalis brings notable traits to the lineage, including rapid preflower development, resilience to photoperiod variability, and cold tolerance. Its flowering is triggered by age rather than day length, which allows consistent cropping under constant light schedules. Sativa contributions likely include elongated colas, tapered leaflets, and a terpene bouquet rich in terpinolene, myrcene, and limonene. Together, these genetics aim for upbeat, energetic effects rather than heavy sedation.
In practice, sativa-dominant autos like Magnus often begin preflower development around day 25–35 and enter full bloom between day 35–45. The plant then continues to bulk for 50–70 days, depending on phenotype and environment. The full seed-to-harvest timeline typically falls near 90–105 days for super autos, though heat stress or underfeeding may extend that window. This schedule allows ample time to build multiple primary colas and dense side branches.
Super auto breeding also emphasizes structural uniformity to prevent lodging in large plants. Expect a medium to tall central leader with numerous laterals that keep pace if trained early. This is consistent with sativa-leaning hybrids, which can double in size from first pistils to peak bloom. Growers can leverage this growth pattern through low-stress training to create an even canopy.
Chemotype targeting is another aspect of lineage. Breeders commonly select for Type I chemotypes in modern autos, meaning dominant THC with marginal CBD. Magnus Super Auto, given its modern pedigree, is likely a Type I with trace CBG and CBC in the low single-percent range. This aligns with consumer expectations for euphoric, cerebral profiles.
Because ruderalis can dampen potency if overrepresented, maintaining a balanced ratio in the lineage is crucial. GB Strains likely performed backcrossing into the sativa donor lines to recover resin density and cannabinoid output after establishing the autoflower gene. Recurrent selection across grow-outs under consistent conditions refines this expression. The outcome is a stable, vigorous plant that hits a potency-to-speed sweet spot.
Appearance and Plant Morphology
Magnus Super Auto presents a medium-to-tall frame with a strong central cola and symmetrical side branching. Indoors, plants commonly reach 90–140 cm, while outdoor specimens can push 120–200 cm given full sun and warm nights. Leaf morphology tends toward narrower sativa leaflets, especially after the third node. As flowering progresses, fans may display lime-to-emerald tones with slight serration.
Internodal spacing averages in the 5–8 cm range under adequate PPFD, minimizing air pockets without inviting larf. Stems are typically fibrous and resilient, a nod to ruderalis heritage that helps support long colas. With early low-stress training, side branches can rival the main stem to produce multiple terminal blooms. Support netting or stakes may be advisable in late flower.
Buds are conical to spear-shaped, stacking along extended branches. Expect medium density in the upper canopy and slightly looser formation in lower sites unless defoliated. Calyces swell notably from week six onward, with pistils shifting from white to amber as maturity approaches. The resin coat is often prominent, forming a frost that glints under direct light.
Coloration remains mostly vibrant green, with occasional lilac or amber hues near late senescence in cooler rooms. Sugar leaves develop trichome coverage that facilitates efficient dry-sift or ice-water extraction. Under optimized conditions, bract-to-leaf ratio improves, reducing trim time by an estimated 15–25% compared with fluffier phenotypes. This contributes to better bag appeal and post-harvest efficiency.
Overall canopy architecture is amenable to SCROG and LST, allowing growers to fill a 60×60 cm tent with one to two plants. Outdoors, a single plant can occupy a 0.8–1.2 m diameter footprint when topped early or gently bent. The combination of vertical and lateral growth suits both small enclosures and open beds. This flexibility is a hallmark of the super auto category.
Aroma and Bouquet
Aroma in Magnus Super Auto skews toward sativa-bright and citrus-herbal tones, often led by limonene and terpinolene. Early in flower, the bouquet may present as lemon zest with hints of green mango and pine. By mid-flower, notes of sweet herbal tea, crushed rosemary, and faint floral sweetness can appear. Late bloom may add a sharper citrus-rind edge alongside peppery caryophyllene.
Upon gentle agitation of resinous bracts, expect a layered profile rather than a single-note blast. Growers frequently report a fresh, clean top note complemented by subtle earth and wood. This balance tends to remain stable across environmental changes, though higher temperatures can push citrus forward. Cooler rooms preserve the greener, floral facets.
Aromatics intensify notably in weeks five through eight of bloom, aligning with peak terpene biosynthesis. Charcoal filters rated for at least 150–300 m³/h per square meter of canopy are advisable in small rooms. Outdoors, wind disperses scent, but nearby structures can trap aroma and concentrate it. Harvest timing can tweak bouquet, with slightly earlier harvests preserving more high-note terpenes.
Freshly milled flowers often express a burst of lemon-lime with a whisper of vanilla bean. Underneath is a supportive backbone of light pine and soft spice. This composition suggests a terpene stack dominated by limonene, terpinolene, beta-caryophyllene, and myrcene. Trace amounts of ocimene or linalool may contribute to the floral, tropical lift.
Curing shifts the balance toward smoother, sweeter facets over 2–4 weeks. Terpene preservation benefits from slow drying at 18–20°C and 55–60% relative humidity. Measured loss of volatile monoterpenes can exceed 25% with high-heat, rapid drying, so gentle techniques matter. When cured well, the bouquet remains vibrant and complex.
Flavor and Consumption Experience
The flavor profile of Magnus Super Auto mirrors its aroma, opening with bright citrus and herbal sweetness. On inhalation, expect lemon peel, green mango, and a thread of pine. Mid-palate transitions into soft spice and faint floral notes, with a clean finish. The aftertaste lingers as citrus-tea with a hint of resin.
Vaporization at 175–190°C highlights limonene and terpinolene, accentuating the zesty top notes. Lower temperatures preserve nuanced florals and prevent harshness associated with rapid terpene degradation. Combustion presents bolder spice and wood due to thermal transformation of caryophyllene and humulene. A slow, even burn enhances sweetness and reduces bite.
Moisture content near 10–12% by weight provides the best flavor retention and burn quality. Over-dried material can taste papery and diminish mouthfeel, while overly wet buds can smolder. A 2–4 week cure in airtight containers, burped to maintain 58–62% RH, builds roundness and depth. Flavor stability can persist for months if stored cool and dark.
For edibles, decarboxylation at 110–115°C for 35–45 minutes optimizes THC conversion while preserving some terpenes. Citrus-forward terpenes pair well with lemon bars, sorbets, and tea infusions. In concentrates, expect a lively top end that suits live resin and terp sauce formats. Ice-water hash benefits from the cultivar’s visible resin and manageable leaf ratio.
Cannabinoid Profile and Expected Potency
As a modern super auto with sativa influence, Magnus Super Auto is likely a Type I chemotype dominated by THC. In optimized conditions, today’s autoflowers often test in the 15–22% THC range, with occasional phenotypes stretching higher. Environmental management, nutrition, and harvest timing can collectively swing potency by 10–20% relative to potential. Growers should anticipate variability between individual plants.
CBD content in Type I autos typically resides below 1%, often in the 0.1–0.5% range. Minor cannabinoids like CBG may present at 0.3–1.0%, while CBC commonly appears in trace amounts. These minors can subtly modulate effects, especially when paired with a terpene stack rich in limonene and terpinolene. The ensemble contributes to a bright, focused psychotropic profile.
Trichome maturity at harvest directly influences perceived potency and effect. Harvesting around 5–10% amber trichomes, 80–90% cloudy, and the remainder clear often yields a balanced peak experience. Pulling earlier at mostly cloudy can skew effects toward energizing clarity with slightly lower endpoint THC. Allowing higher amber percentages introduces more sedative qualities due to oxidative changes.
Drying and curing practices can preserve or diminish potency. Rapid drying at high temperatures may volatilize terpenes and accelerate THC degradation to CBN, affecting both flavor and subjective strength. Proper post-harvest handling can limit THC loss to single-digit percentages over the first month. Airtight storage below 20°C and away from UV stabilizes cannabinoids.
Lab testing remains the gold standard to confirm potency, as phenotype and cultivation variables are significant. Without published certificates of analysis, ranges are the most honest guide. Given its ruderalis/sativa heritage and GB Strains’ contemporary breeding focus, Magnus Super Auto should meet modern expectations for strong autos. Practical results will track with environmental precision and plant health.
Terpene Profile and Aromatic Chemistry
The dominant terpenes inferred for Magnus Super Auto are likely limonene, terpinolene, and beta-caryophyllene, with myrcene and humulene in supporting roles. Limonene contributes citrus brightness and is frequently detected at 0.5–1.5% of dry mass in terpene-forward cultivars. Terpinolene offers a complex blend of herbal, floral, and pine-noodle notes, often appearing at 0.2–1.0%. Caryophyllene, a sesquiterpene, adds pepper and wood while binding to CB1/CB2 receptors atypically for a terpene.
Myrcene can lend a soft, ripe-fruit undertone that rounds the bouquet. In many sativa-leaning profiles, myrcene is present but not dominant, letting limonene and terpinolene lead the top end. Humulene introduces a dry, hoppy note that complements caryophyllene’s spice. Trace linalool or ocimene may appear, contributing to perceived freshness.
The total terpene content in well-grown, slow-dried flowers frequently ranges from 1.5–3.0% by weight. Environmental stress, excessive heat, and poor curing can halve these totals. Growers can preserve terpenes by targeting a dry-room VPD around 0.6–0.9 kPa and maintaining steady airflow in the 0.2–0.5 m/s range. Avoiding light in the dry room further protects volatile compounds.
Synergy between terpenes and cannabinoids shapes subjective effects. Limonene is often associated with mood elevation and perceived energy, while terpinolene can feel bright and clarifying. Caryophyllene can deepen body presence without heavy couchlock. Together, this profile suits daytime focus with gentle relaxation.
Extraction method influences terpene expression. Fresh frozen material processed into live resin tends to retain monoterpenes such as limonene and terpinolene more effectively. Hydrocarbon extractions at low temperature capture a broad spectrum, whereas rosin can accentuate mid-weight sesquiterpenes. Terpene sauce and HTFSE from this cultivar can be particularly aromatic.
For analytical verification, gas chromatography with mass spectrometry is standard. Sampling at mid-flower and late flower can reveal shifts in terpene ratios as the plant diverts energy from growth to defense. Expect limonene and terpinolene to peak as pistils recede and calyces swell. Precise expression will vary by phenotype and grow conditions.
Experiential Effects and Use Patterns
Magnus Super Auto leans into sativa-style, uplifting effects characterized by clarity and subtle euphoria. Initial onset, often within minutes when inhaled, brings a bright mental lift and increased sensory engagement. Users frequently describe enhanced focus and a mild motivational bump. Body sensations tend to remain light, avoiding heavy sedation when harvested at mostly cloudy trichomes.
With higher doses or later trichome maturity, the body component becomes more pronounced. The caryophyllene and humulene stack can add a grounded, calm baseline. This makes the strain adaptable across dose ranges, from microdoses for chores and creative work to fuller sessions for social evenings. Individual response will vary with tolerance and set/setting.
For daytime productivity, many users prefer small inhalations or low-temp vaporization to stay functional. Reported subjective durations for inhaled use average 2–3 hours, with a gentle taper rather than a hard crash. Edible formats can extend the arc to 4–6 hours depending on dose and metabolism. Combining with caffeine may intensify the perceived focus effects for some.
Potential side effects mirror those of other THC-dominant sativas. In susceptible individuals, rapid onset or high doses can trigger racing thoughts or transient anxiety. Dry mouth and dry eyes are common, with hydration and breaks offering relief. Starting low—2.5–5 mg THC for edibles or 1–2 small inhales for inhalation—can help new users titrate safely.
In social contexts, the cultivar’s bright terpene stack can enhance mood and conversation. Many users find the profile conducive to art, music, and outdoor activities. The absence of heavy couchlock encourages movement and task completion. For sleep, later-harvested material or higher doses may be preferable.
Set, setting, and terpene sensitivity influence outcomes. Users with high sensitivity to terpinolene sometimes report a very “clean” headspace that borders on stimulating. Those sensitive to limonene may experience pronounced uplift and stress relief. As always, individual results vary and careful self-observation is advised.
Potential Medical Uses and Considerations
Although formal clinical data on this specific cultivar is limited, Magnus Super Auto’s likely THC-dominant, sativa-leaning profile suggests several potential therapeutic applications. Uplifting, limonene-forward chemovars are commonly used by patients for low mood and situational stress. Small, titrated doses may help with motivational deficits and anhedonia. The bright terpene stack can complement these effects.
For fatigue and attention challenges, sativa-leaning profiles are sometimes chosen during daytime due to reduced sedation. Terpinolene-dominant cultivars have been anecdotally linked to improved task engagement. That said, THC can impair working memory at higher doses, so careful titration is important. Patients often start with 1–2.5 mg THC and step up slowly.
Caryophyllene’s interaction with CB2 receptors offers potential anti-inflammatory support. In some users, this can translate to mild relief from musculoskeletal discomfort or tension headaches without heavy drowsiness. Humulene may add adjunct anti-inflammatory properties. The effect size is highly individual and depends on dose and delivery route.
For nausea and appetite stimulation, THC-dominant cultivars remain a frequent choice. Inhaled routes can provide relief in minutes, beneficial for anticipatory or cyclic nausea. Edibles deliver longer-lasting effects but require earlier planning due to delayed onset. Medical supervision is recommended for complex conditions or concomitant medications.
Anxiety-prone patients should approach carefully, as higher THC can be counterproductive. Choosing low doses and vaporizing at lower temperatures can reduce intensity. Pairing with CBD in a 1:1 or 2:1 THC:CBD ratio can temper anxious responses. Mindful breathing and a calm environment help optimize outcomes.
As with all cannabis, contraindications include pregnancy, a personal or family history of psychosis, and potential interactions with medications metabolized by CYP450 enzymes. Patients should consult clinicians knowledgeable about cannabinoid therapy. Documentation of dose, timing, and effects can guide personalized regimens. Legal access and possession limits vary by jurisdiction and must be followed.
Comprehensive Cultivation Guide (Seed to Storage)
Magnus Super Auto was bred by GB Strains with a ruderalis/sativa heritage, which strongly informs its cultivation behavior. As a super auto, it prefers steady, moderate-to-high light and consistent nutrition from early life, because every day counts. The typical window seed-to-harvest is 90–105 days, with preflower signs around day 25–35. Planning the entire cycle around this clock increases yields and resin.
Germination and seedling: Aim for 95%+ germination by using fresh seeds and stable conditions. The paper towel or rapid rooter method at 24–26°C and 90–100% relative humidity usually pops seeds within 24–72 hours. Transplant promptly into final or near-final containers to avoid root shock in autos. A 0.75–1.0 L starter pot for 7–10 days followed by a move into 11–20 L (indoors) or 30–50 L (outdoors) is common.
Media and pH: In soil, target pH 6.2–6.6 and moderate cation exchange capacity for buffered nutrition. In coco or soilless blends, keep pH 5.8–6.2 and feed at every irrigation with 10–20% runoff to prevent salt buildup. Hydroponic systems can accelerate growth but require tight EC control and redundancy against pump failures. Many growers favor airy, high-oxygen media to promote rapid early root expansion.
Lighting: Autos perform well at 18/6 or 20/4 light cycles; 24/0 is possible but can stress some phenotypes. Provide PPFD 300–450 µmol/m²/s in week 1–2, 500–700 in weeks 3–5, and 700–900 in bloom, adjusting to leaf temperature and CO2 availability. A Daily Light Integral (DLI) of 35–45 mol/m²/day supports robust biomass without light burn. Keep diode-to-canopy distance per manufacturer guidelines, typically 30–45 cm for modern LEDs.
Environment: Ideal leaf-surface temperatures are 24–28°C day and 20–22°C night. Maintain RH at 60–65% in early veg, 50–55% preflower, and 45–50% in peak bloom to deter botrytis. Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD) targets of 0.8–1.2 kPa are suitable across most of the cycle. Airflow of 0.2–0.5 m/s prevents microclimates while avoiding windburn.
Nutrition: Start at EC 0.8–1.2 (400–600 ppm 500-scale) in early veg, increasing to 1.4–1.8 EC in mid-bloom depending on plant response. Nitrogen should be plentiful through week 4–5 to build structure, then taper modestly as phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) dominate. Many growers succeed with balanced veg ratios near N-P-K of 3-1-2, transitioning to 1-2-3 or 1-3-2 in bloom. Supplement Ca/Mg at 100–150 ppm combined if using RO or soft water.
Irrigation: Autos dislike heavy early overwatering. Use a wet-dry cycle in soil and steady, small irrigations in coco to keep oxygen and nutrients balanced. Monitor runoff EC to avoid salt creep; a 10–20% runoff target helps in soilless media. Consider pulse irrigation during peak transpiration to maintain leaf turgor.
Training and canopy: Low-stress training (LST) from day 15–25 can widen the canopy and increase top sites by 20–40%. Topping is possible but should be done early (day 14–20) and only on vigorous plants to avoid yield loss. A light defoliation at preflower and again around week 6 can improve airflow and bud development. SCROG nets help distribute colas at equal distance from light.
CO2 and advanced controls: If enriching CO2, aim for 900–1200 ppm with PPFD above 800 µmol/m²/s. Pair with robust environmental control to keep VPD in range. CO2 can increase biomass by 10–20% when all other parameters are optimized. Avoid enrichment during drying and curing.
Indoors vs outdoors: Indoors, a single plant in 11–15 L can fill a 60×60 cm tent and yield 80–180 g with strong management. In a 120×120 cm tent, 2–4 plants in 15–20 L containers can achieve 350–600 g/m² depending on genetics and dial-in. Outdoors in full sun, super autos commonly produce 120–300 g per plant, with exceptional conditions reaching higher. Latitude, season length, and night temperatures strongly impact outcomes.
Pest and disease management: Implement integrated pest management from day one. Sticky cards, weekly leaf inspections, and preventative biologicals like Bacillus subtilis and Beauveria bassiana can keep populations low. Maintain cleanliness, vacuum floors, and sanitize tools to reduce vectoring. Keep canopy RH and leaf wetness in check to deter powdery mildew and botrytis.
Common deficiencies: Watch for interveinal chlorosis from magnesium deficiency under high-intensity LED lighting. Calcium-related tip burn can appear in rapid growth or low transpiration environments; adjust Ca/Mg and airflow. Nitrogen deficiencies manifest as early yellowing of lower leaves if feed is too light in preflower. Track runoff pH to ensure nutrient availability remains stable.
Flowering and support: Magnus Super Auto typically shows full flower set by day 35–45. Stretch can be 60–100% of preflower height in sativa-leaning autos, so plan vertical clearance. Bamboo stakes or trellis nets prevent lodging as colas pack on weight. Maintain a gentle oscillating airflow across colas to harden tissue and prevent microclimates.
Flush and harvest: A 7–10 day taper of EC toward 0.6–0.8 in soilless media can improve ash quality and taste perception. In organic soil, simply water with plain, pH-adjusted inputs in the final week while monitoring plant fade. Harvest timing based on trichomes—target ~5–10% amber and the rest cloudy for a balanced effect. Pistil color alone is less reliable than trichome evaluation.
Drying: Hang whole plants or large branches at 18–20°C and 55–60% RH for 7–12 days until small stems snap rather than bend. Airflow should be indirect; too much breeze dries the surface while locking moisture inside. Aim for 10–12% final moisture content by weight. Avoid light exposure to slow terpene degradation.
Curing and storage: Trim when dry and cure in airtight containers at 58–62% RH for 2–4 weeks, burping daily at first to release moisture and CO2. Proper curing can increase perceived smoothness and flavor intensity by 15–30% in blind tastings. Long-term storage at 15–18°C in darkness preserves cannabinoids and terpenes. Consider vacuum-sealed, nitrogen-flushed jars for extended shelf life.
Key benchmarks and expectations: With solid execution, indoor yields of 0.6–1.2 g/watt are attainable under efficient LEDs, depending on canopy management and cultivar expression. Outdoor plants in strong sun may average 150–250 g, with superlative runs exceeding those figures. Potency in the mid-to-high teens and low twenties is achievable for many autos when dialed in. The cultivar’s ruderalis/sativa heritage helps maintain resilience even when conditions are not perfect.
Compliance and safety: Always adhere to local laws regarding cultivation limits, plant counts, and secure storage. Use proper electrical practices for lights and environmental equipment, and employ GFCI protection where water is present. Personal protective equipment like gloves and eyewear reduces risk during mixing and spraying. A clean, organized grow reduces errors and supports consistent outcomes.
