Written by Ad OpsOverview and Context
Khyber Afghani-Nigerian Hybrid is a balanced indica and sativa cross developed by Super Sativa Seed Club, a pioneering Dutch breeder with deep roots in landrace preservation and hybrid innovation. The strain’s name points to its core genetic pillars: resinous Afghani stock associated with the Khyber Pass region and a vigorous, high-clarity Nigerian sativa line. The result is a modern hybrid that blends compact, hash-forward indica density with the kinetic, citrus-spice lift of West African sativas.
While formal, publicly accessible lab certificates for this exact cultivar remain limited, the breeder’s reputation and the documented behavior of comparable Afghani and Nigerian genetics frame realistic expectations. Growers and consumers can expect a versatile plant with medium internodes, above-average resin production, and a terpene suite that leans earthy-spicy with bright top notes. In practice, most phenotypes present as a true hybrid, with structure nodding sativa and resin traits leaning more indica.
Super Sativa Seed Club became known for large selection runs and careful mother selection, a process that typically improves uniformity by the F3 to F5 generations. Balanced chemotypes tend to produce total cannabinoids in the 20 to 28 percent range in optimized conditions, with total terpenes commonly between 1.5 and 3.0 percent by weight for vigorous phenotypes. Because outcomes vary by environment and phenotype, growers should target consistent environmental control to capture the best expression.
From a user perspective, this cross often delivers a sharpened, uplifted headspace offset by warm body comfort, which is characteristic of Afghani x African pairings. Consumers report a quick onset and a durable plateau, making it adaptable for afternoon or evening sessions depending on dose. The indica and sativa heritage referenced by the breeder aligns with the strain’s balanced functional profile and cultivation flexibility.
History and Breeding Background
Super Sativa Seed Club emerged in the late 1980s and helped set the template for modern seedbank practices by focusing on unique genetics, including landraces and old-school hybrids. Although cannabis was far less documented then, SSSC earned a reputation for selection at scale and meticulous mother-plant curation. Their approach frequently involved multi-generational stabilization, ensuring that signature traits could be reproduced across different environments.
The Khyber Pass region that informs the Afghani side is historically significant for hashish and resin-rich broadleaf cannabis. Farmers there traditionally selected for trichome density, early to mid-season finish, and hardy growth in semi-arid, high-elevation conditions. Those selection pressures favor compact plants, dense flowers, and a myrcene-forward aromatic core with hash and spice undertones.
On the other side, Nigerian sativas have been prized for energetic clarity, spicy-citrus aromatics, and vigorous vertical stretch. Classic West African ecotypes often carry terpinolene, ocimene, or limonene accents that lift the bouquet and brighten the head effect. When paired with a resinous Afghani, breeders aim to preserve cerebral lucidity while rounding the edges with a steadying body tone.
Hybridization goals commonly include reducing excessive sativa stretch while maintaining fast-onset, uplifting effects. Breeders typically screen 50 to 200 seedlings in early work to identify outlier terpenes, branching patterns, and flowering times, then narrow to 5 to 10 candidates for advanced testing. This type of selection improves uniformity in internodal distance and increases the odds of hitting a commercially reliable flowering window.
SSSC’s involvement implies a deliberate phenohunt and an alignment with their historical dedication to distinct chemotypes. Their portfolio often prioritizes cultivars that deliver both character and performance, which fits the concept of a Khyber Afghani-Nigerian bridge. In practice, this means the strain likely saw multiple cycles of testing before release to match their baseline standards for vigor, potency, and terpene distinctiveness.
Because cannabis breeding still faces limited standardized reporting, much of the detail around exact parental cuts remains proprietary. However, the Afghani and Nigerian descriptors convey meaningful agronomic and sensory expectations rooted in landrace performance. For growers, this ancestry forecasts a robust plant with better-than-average tolerance for environmental swings and a sensory profile that stands out in mixed menus.
Genetic Lineage and Inheritance
The Afghani side of the cross is typically a broadleaf indica with a compact frame, thick petioles, and high resin deposition. These plants often carry a shorter flowering window relative to equatorial sativas and develop dense colas with a higher calyx-to-leaf ratio. They also tend to express earthy, hash, and pepper notes driven by myrcene and caryophyllene.
Nigerian sativas add loft, branching vigor, and faster cognitive onset, frequently paired with brighter aromatics. Terpinolene, ocimene, and limonene are commonly associated with African sativas and can raise overall aroma volatility. When crossed with Afghani genetics, those terpenes can create a layered profile that moves from resinous base notes to citrus-herbal highs.
In a balanced hybrid offspring, growers can expect medium internodes and manageable stretch, with most phenotypes doubling height after the flip under strong light. A minority of phenos may lean sativa dominant and stretch 2.5x, particularly under high PPFD with minimal training. Indica-leaning phenos exhibit earlier flower set, thicker pistil clusters, and heavier trichome coverage by week five.
Chemotype inheritance in such crosses usually produces Type I plants dominated by THC with minimal CBD. In practice, total THC in optimized grows often ranges from 18 to 24 percent, with standout phenotypes exceeding that under dialed-in conditions. Minor cannabinoids like CBG frequently appear in the 0.2 to 1.0 percent range, and CBC is typically trace.
Terpene inheritance often produces a myrcene and caryophyllene backbone with a secondary citrus-herbal layer. This hybrid structure offers both a grounded base and a bright top-end nose, which translates into a steadying body feel and clear mental lift. Stability improves over generations, and growers may see tighter variation by the F3 to F5.
From a cultivation perspective, the Afghani contribution improves resin density and lowers the risk of airy flowers, while the Nigerian side helps with airflow and bud stacking along lateral branches. This is beneficial for indoor growers who aim for even canopies with fewer microclimates that invite botrytis. Outdoors, the hybridization confers resilience against wind and moderate heat, provided relative humidity is controlled during peak flowering.
Morphology and Appearance
Khyber Afghani-Nigerian Hybrid typically grows to a medium height indoors, reaching 80 to 120 cm before training, then finishing at 100 to 150 cm after stretch. Internodal spacing often averages 1.5 to 3.5 cm, promoting stacked bud sites without the extreme compression that risks moisture traps. Stem architecture is sturdy, with lignification improving by week four of flower.
Leaves are hybridized in form, with broader Afghani-influenced leaflets early in veg and slightly narrower, more sativa-like leaflets as plants mature. Mature fans commonly display a deep green chlorophyll tone with a matte finish, indicating thicker cuticles. Petiole coloration can show faint anthocyanins under cool night temperatures, though this is phenotype dependent.
Flower sites set quickly after flip, with prominent white pistils that transition to cream and then orange-amber by maturity. Calyx-to-leaf ratios average 2.5 to 3.5 to 1 in resinous phenotypes, making trim time efficient. Bract clusters swell notably after week six, and many growers see mass consolidation between weeks seven and nine.
Trichome coverage is a standout trait, with dense stalked glandular trichomes creating a frosted finish from mid-flower onward. Heads often appear milky by weeks seven to eight, progressing to 10 to 25 percent amber by the desired harvest window, depending on effect targets. Under magnification, trichome heads present as uniform, suggesting stable resin development rather than scattered maturity.
Coloration in the canopy is largely green with olive undertones, though cooler nights below 18 C can coax mauve or plum hues into sugar leaves in a minority of plants. These tones are cosmetic and not required for full expression but can signal nutrient balance and stress-resilient metabolism. Bud density is firm to very dense, especially on indica-leaning phenos.
Final colas form tapered spears with modest foxtailing only under excessive heat or light intensity. Lateral branches carry significant weight and may require support from week six onward in high-yield scenarios. A healthy plant under optimal conditions displays symmetrical stacking and a sheen of resin from halfway down secondary branches.
Aroma and Flavor Profile
The first aromatic impression is earthy and resinous, consistent with Afghani heritage. This base sits on myrcene and caryophyllene, which deliver damp soil, hashish, and light pepper in the grinder. As the flower breaks, brighter elements emerge, pointing to limonene and terpinolene from the Nigerian side.
Across phenotypes, many noses pick up citrus zest and sweet herbal notes akin to lemongrass or green mango skin. Secondary volatiles can hint at pine, clove, and faint floral hints, providing an aromatic arc from low to high notes. The bouquet opens further with a short cure, steepening in intensity over 14 to 21 days.
On inhale, flavor tracks the aroma with earthy-spicy weight first, then a clean, zesty lift. Pepper and clove tones become noticeable at slightly higher temperatures, indicating caryophyllene activation. Cooler vaporization accentuates citrus-peel brightness and herbaceous sweetness, aligning with limonene and ocimene.
Exhale is smooth in well-cured samples, with a persistent resin note that lingers on the palate. A slight piney finish is common and pairs well with the grounded base, creating a layered aftertaste. Users often report the flavor to be coherent across joints, vaporizers, and glass, indicating stable terpene ratios across heat ranges.
Terpene intensity benefits from a slow dry and a stable cure at 58 to 62 percent relative humidity. Rapid drying can strip top notes by volatilizing terpinolene and ocimene, which are more delicate than myrcene or caryophyllene. Maintaining jar temperatures between 16 and 20 C helps preserve aromatic fidelity over months.
When pressed into rosin, the strain retains its spice-citrus identity, with yields correlating to trichome density and maturity. Hash and rosin often present a darker resin base with a bright nose, a hallmark of Afghani x African terpene interplay. This makes the cultivar attractive to solventless extractors seeking both bag appeal and aromatic complexity.
Cannabinoid Composition and Potency
Formal, public certificates specific to Khyber Afghani-Nigerian Hybrid are limited, but analogous Afghani x African hybrids frequently test within predictable windows. In dialed indoor runs, total THC commonly falls between 18 and 24 percent by dry weight, with standout phenotypes reported higher. Total cannabinoids can reach 20 to 28 percent under high light intensity and appropriate nutrition.
CBD expression is typically minimal in Type I hybrids, often measuring 0.1 to 0.6 percent. CBG is a more common minor, falling around 0.2 to 1.0 percent, and CBC tends to be present in trace amounts. These proportions align with the strong psychoactive profile associated with both Afghani and Nigerian inputs.
For edible preparation, decarboxylation efficiency usually ranges from 70 to 80 percent depending on time, temperature, and matrix. Heating at 110 to 120 C for 35 to 45 minutes is a common practice to convert THCA to THC while preserving volatile terpenes. Overheating can degrade terpenes and convert THC to CBN, shifting effects toward sedation.
Inhaled onset commonly occurs within 2 to 5 minutes, with peak effects around 10 to 20 minutes and a plateau that lasts 60 to 120 minutes. Vaporization often provides a cleaner terpene expression and may reduce harshness compared to combustion, though potency remains similar per milligram of delivered THC. Tolerance and set and setting play a significant role in subjective intensity.
From a formulation standpoint, the strain’s cannabinoid structure pairs well with full-spectrum extracts that retain caryophyllene and myrcene. Caryophyllene’s CB2 affinity may complement THC’s CB1 activity to modulate perceived inflammation and body comfort. Terpene retention in extracts is maximized by low-temperature processing and fresh-frozen inputs.
Consumers sensitive to high-THC cultivars should titrate carefully and consider microdosing strategies. Starting at 2.5 to 5 mg THC in edibles or one to two small inhalations is reasonable for low-tolerance users. Hydration and a calm environment support a comfortable experience with potent hybrids.
Terpene Profile and Minor Aromatics
Expect a terpene backbone dominated by myrcene and beta-caryophyllene, with limonene and terpinolene often appearing as notable secondaries. In aggregate, total terpene content of 1.5 to 3.0 percent is typical for vigorous phenotypes grown under strong light and appropriate nutrition. Myrcene frequently ranges around 0.6 to 1.2 percent, providing earthy fruit and the resinous base.
Beta-caryophyllene may appear in the 0.3 to 0.8 percent range, contributing pepper, clove, and a warm spice signature. As a dietary sesquiterpene with CB2 receptor activity, caryophyllene is of interest for perceived body effects. These levels, when preserved through a careful cure, create a stable mid-palate spice.
Limonene often registers at 0.2 to 0.6 percent, adding citrus zest brightness that many users identify first on the dry pull. Terpinolene, more common in African sativas, can contribute 0.2 to 0.6 percent in some phenotypes, bringing piney, herbal, and slightly floral high notes. Ocimene and linalool may present in trace to 0.2 percent ranges, rounding the bouquet.
The distribution of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes influences perceived effect. Monoterpenes like limonene and terpinolene volatilize faster, delivering a quick aromatic lift, while sesquiterpenes like caryophyllene linger and anchor the profile. This balance is a core reason the strain shows both immediate and sustained sensory layers.
Environmental factors strongly impact terpene outcomes. High PPFD without adequate leaf temperature control can drive volatilization and terpene degradation, reducing total terpene percentages. Maintaining leaf surface temperatures around 24 to 26 C in late flower helps preserve volatile fractions.
Post-harvest handling is equally critical. A slow dry targeting 10 to 14 days to reach 10 to 12 percent moisture, followed by a cure at 58 to 62 percent RH, supports terpene retention. Jars should be burped daily for the first week to prevent anaerobic off-notes and then weekly as aromatic stability sets.
Experiential Effects and User Journey
The initial onset tends to be quick, delivering a bright mental lift and a gentle pressure behind the eyes within minutes of inhalation. Users often describe an increase in perceived focus and a subtle sharpening of sensory detail. This reflects the Nigerian sativa’s influence and its association with limonene and terpinolene.
As the session progresses, the Afghani component takes hold with a steady body comfort that does not immediately sedate. Muscular relaxation emerges without pronounced couchlock at moderate doses, allowing for creative or social activities. The combination makes the strain flexible for late afternoon or early evening use.
At higher doses, the body effect deepens, and time perception can dilate, with some users preferring seated or relaxed settings. In these ranges, the strain may feel more introspective and stony, especially as trichome maturity leans amber. Dose titration therefore changes the character from uplifted to more enveloping.
Common side effects mirror those of other THC-dominant hybrids, including dry mouth, dry eyes, and transient tachycardia. THC-rich cannabis can elevate heart rate by 20 to 50 beats per minute within 10 to 15 minutes post-inhalation, which is normal but noticeable for sensitive individuals. Hydration, pacing, and a calm environment help mitigate discomfort.
Anxiety and racing thoughts can occur in a subset of users, especially with high-THC cultivars and terpinolene-rich phenotypes. To minimize risk, start low and increase gradually, and consider pairing with calming activities or CBD if personally helpful. Individuals with a history of anxiety may prefer indica-leaning phenos or harvests taken slightly later to increase the proportion of amber trichomes.
Duration typically spans 90 to 180 minutes for inhaled routes, with a distinct early peak followed by a steady plateau. Food intake and tolerance influence both intensity and length of effect. For many, the balance of uplift and body calm makes it suitable for music, light exercise, or focused tasks in a familiar setting.
Potential Therapeutic Applications
Khyber Afghani-Nigerian Hybrid’s THC-forward profile and caryophyllene-rich terpene mix suggest potential for perceived analgesia and muscle relaxation. Clinical cannabis research has shown that THC can reduce pain intensity in some patients, and caryophyllene’s CB2 receptor activity is of interest for inflammatory pathways. While individual responses vary, balanced hybrids like this are often explored for neuropathic and musculoskeletal discomfort.
The strain’s rapid onset may aid nausea and appetite support, as THC is known to stimulate appetite and reduce emesis in various contexts. This makes the cultivar a candidate for individuals seeking quick symptom relief via inhaled routes. Limonene and myrcene may contribute to a soothing profile that complements these effects.
For stress modulation, the combination of uplift and body calm may offer short-term relief in select users. However, high-THC cultivars can provoke anxiety in some individuals, so careful titration is key. Microdosing strategies, such as 1 to 2 inhalations or 1 to 2.5 mg oral THC, can help identify a personal therapeutic window.
Sleep support is phenotype and dose dependent. Indica-leaning expressions with higher myrcene and greater amber trichome ratios may aid sleep onset when taken 60 to 90 minutes before bedtime. Conversely, terpinolene-forward phenos may be more activating, making timing and phenotype selection important.
Inflammatory conditions are a common target for caryophyllene-rich chemotypes, given its CB2 activity in preclinical literature. While more human research is needed, many patients anecdotally report benefit from full-spectrum profiles that include this sesquiterpene. Using vaporization at lower temperatures can preserve caryophyllene and maximize its contribution.
As always, medical use should be guided by healthcare professionals familiar with cannabis pharmacology. Individuals on medications with potential CYP450 interactions, such as certain antidepressants or blood thinners, should consult their clinician. Start low, go slow, and monitor outcomes systematically to identify benefit-risk balance.
Comprehensive Cultivation Guide
Germination and Early Seedling
Use fresh, viable seeds stored at 4 to 8 C with desiccant for optimal germination, targeting 85 to 95 percent success with proper handling. Pre-soak seeds in 20 to 22 C water for 12 to 18 hours, then transfer to a moist paper towel or directly into a light, sterile seed-starting mix. Maintain 24 to 26 C root-zone temperature and 70 to 80 percent relative humidity during emergence.
Seedlings thrive under gentle light at 200 to 300 µmol m-2 s-1 PPFD for the first 7 to 10 days. Keep media moisture consistent but never waterlogged to prevent damping-off; aim for a light dry-back cycle. A mild nutrient solution at EC 0.6 to 0.8 and pH 5.8 to 6.2 (hydro and coco) or pH 6.2 to 6.5 (soil) suffices.
Vegetative Growth
Transplant into 3 to 5 L containers once roots circle the starter plug, then up-pot to 11 to 20 L as needed. Increase PPFD to 400 to 600 µmol m-2 s-1, with a day temperature of 24 to 27 C and night of 20 to 22 C. Maintain VPD near 0.8 to 1.2 kPa to combine rapid growth with disease prevention.
The hybrid shows moderate internodes, responding well to topping at the 4th to 6th node and low-stress training to flatten the canopy. Screen of Green setups capitalize on moderate stretch, filling a 60 x 60 cm area with one to two plants or a 120 x 120 cm area with four to six plants. Target EC 1.2 to 1.6 in coco and hydro, or a balanced soil program with consistent calcium and magnesium support.
Pre-Flower and Stretch
Flip to 12 or 12.5 hours of light once the canopy has filled 60 to 70 percent of the screen to allow for 1.5 to 2.0x stretch. Raise PPFD to 700 to 900 µmol m-2 s-1 and adjust VPD to 1.0 to 1.4 kPa. Keep day temperatures at 24 to 26 C and nights 19 to 21 C to guide internode control and flower initiation.
Support branches with trellis squares around 10 to 15 cm and guide tops to create even cola distribution. Defoliate lightly at day 21 and optionally at day 42 to improve airflow, removing only leaves that shade bud sites. Avoid removing more than 20 to 25 percent of leaf mass in a single session to maintain photosynthetic capacity.
Flowering Window and Nutrition
Flowering typically ranges from 63 to 77 days indoors, depending on phenotype and desired effect. Indica-leaning expressions can finish near day 63, while sativa-leaning phenos may prefer day 70 to 77 for full terpene and cannabinoid maturity. Trichome observation is the most reliable indicator; many growers harvest around 5 to 15 percent amber for balance.
Increase potassium and phosphorus from week three onward while maintaining adequate nitrogen to prevent premature fade. In coco or hydro, target EC 1.8 to 2.2 with a 10 to 20 percent runoff to avoid salt buildup. Calcium and magnesium remain critical under high PPFD; supplement as needed to prevent interveinal chlorosis and tip burn.
Environment, IPM, and Plant Health
Keep late-flower humidity at 45 to 55 percent RH, adjusting to 40 to 50 percent if colas are exceptionally dense. Maintain canopy leaf temperatures at 24 to 26 C with proper airflow to deter botrytis and powdery mildew. A gentle but continuous oscillating airflow reduces boundary layer thickness and supports gas exchange.
Implement integrated pest management beginning in veg. Sticky traps, weekly canopy inspections, and periodic leaf washes help prevent spider mites, thrips, and aphids from taking hold. Consider beneficials like Phytoseiulus persimilis or Amblyseius swirskii if pressure is detected, and rotate compliant biocontrols to prevent resistance.
Training and Canopy Management
Khyber Afghani-Nigerian Hybrid responds strongly to topping, LST, and SCROG, enabling even light distribution and controlled stretch. Supercropping is effective on taller branches during early stretch to maintain a flat canopy. Keep the top 20 to 30 cm of the canopy at similar height so all colas receive 800 to 1000 µmol m-2 s-1 without localized hot spots.
Leaf thinning should be strategic and minimal, as the hybrid’s natural spacing is generally adequate. Remove lower sites that will not receive adequate light to focus energy on top colas. Aim for a canopy density where you can see through to mid-branch nodes without large, stagnant air pockets.
Watering Strategy and Substrate
In coco, irrigate daily to multiple times per day once roots are established, each time achieving 10 to 20 percent runoff. Soil growers should allow for light dry-backs, watering when the pot feels roughly 50 percent lighter by heft. Maintain pH 5.8 to 6.2 in coco and hydro, and 6.2 to 6.7 in soil to optimize nutrient availability.
Some growers prefer living soil approaches with slow-release amendments and microbial inoculants. In that case, build a balanced base with adequate calcium, phosphorus, and micronutrient coverage and top-dress at week three of flower. Foliar sprays should cease by early flower to avoid residue on buds.
Light, CO2, and Yield Targets
Under high-efficiency LED fixtures, aim for 700 to 900 µmol m-2 s-1 in mid flower and up to 1000 to 1100 µmol m-2 s-1 late in flower if CO2-enriched. CO2 supplementation to 900 to 1200 ppm can increase biomass and terpene production if other factors are optimized. Monitor leaf temperatures with an IR thermometer to keep VPD aligned as PPFD increases.
Indoor yields of 450 to 600 g m-2 are attainable with SCROG and strong environmental control, with elite phenos exceeding this in expert hands. Outdoor plants in warm, dry climates can produce 500 to 1000 g per plant depending on veg time, soil volume, and season length. The Afghani side helps maintain bud density, while the Nigerian side supports lateral stacking for full canopies.
Harvest, Drying, and Curing
Plan harvest when trichomes are mostly cloudy with 5 to 15 percent amber for a balanced psychoactive effect. A subset of growers prefer 15 to 25 percent amber for a heavier body effect and reduced raciness. Always corroborate with pistil coloration and calyx swelling to avoid premature chop.
Dry in a dark room at 17 to 20 C and 55 to 62 percent RH with gentle air exchange for 10 to 14 days until stems snap rather than bend. Target a final moisture content around 10 to 12 percent to retain volatile terpenes while preventing microbial growth. Avoid fans blowing directly on hanging plants to reduce terpene loss.
Cure in airtight glass at 58 to 62 percent RH. Burp daily for 7 to 10 days, then weekly for 4 to 6 weeks, watching for any off-odors that suggest anaerobic activity. Properly cured buds maintain flavor potency for months when stored at 16 to 20 C away from light.
Outdoor Considerations
In Mediterranean to semi-arid climates, the strain can thrive, leveraging its Afghani resilience against temperature swings. Choose a site with full sun for at least 8 hours per day and well-draining soil amended with compost and aeration. Prevent late-season mold with pruning for airflow and proactive IPM in August and September.
In temperate or humid regions, consider hoop houses or light dep to finish before peak autumn rains. Aim to complete flowering by mid to late September in cooler zones to avoid botrytis pressure on dense colas. Mulching helps regulate soil temperature and moisture while suppressing weeds.
Phenotype Selection and Clonal Work
Run at least 6 to 10 seeds for a small pheno hunt and select mothers based on vigor, internodal spacing, terpene intensity, and resin coverage by week six of flower. Keep detailed notes and sample dry flowers from each candidate before committing to a keeper. Once selected, cloning reduces variation, stabilizes canopy behavior, and improves yield predictability.
Cut clones from healthy, non-flowering branches, dip in rooting gel, and place in high humidity domes at 24 to 26 C. Expect rooting in 7 to 14 days with success rates above 85 percent under clean, consistent conditions. Transition rooted clones gradually to lower humidity and brighter light to prevent stress.
Troubleshooting and Common Pitfalls
Watch for calcium and magnesium deficiencies under high PPFD, which present as interveinal chlorosis and marginal necrosis on upper leaves. Increase Cal-Mag or adjust base nutrient profiles to correct quickly. If tips burn at modest EC, verify runoff EC and pH to diagnose salt accumulation or lockout.
If stretch exceeds 2x and the canopy becomes uneven, increase training earlier in veg and reduce day temperatures relative to night by 2 to 3 C during early flower to curb elongation. Should terpene intensity underwhelm, revisit drying and curing protocol, as rapid dry-down is a common cause of muted aroma. Consistent environment, measured nutrition, and patient post-harvest handling are the keys to unlocking this hybrid’s full expression.
Compliance and Safety
Always adhere to local cultivation laws and plant count limits. Ensure adequate ventilation and filtration to manage odor, which can be substantial by week six. Use PPE when handling sulfur, oils, or other inputs, and store all products away from children and pets.
