Written by Ad OpsIntroduction
Arcata Trainwreck S1 is a seed-line interpretation of one of Northern California’s most storied clone-only cultivars. The original Arcata Trainwreck, named for its association with the Humboldt County town of Arcata, gained fame in the 1990s for its electric, terpinolene-forward nose and fast, rocket-like cerebral effects. By selfing this elite clone, Santa Cruz Goatfarm created feminized seeds that capture the essence of the original while offering growers access to stable, selectable phenotypes.
The "S1" designation means the mother plant, the Arcata Trainwreck clone, was reversed and used to pollinate itself. This technique preserves a high proportion of the parent’s characteristics, while still allowing for subtle phenotypic variation useful in selection. For cultivators and enthusiasts, Arcata Trainwreck S1 offers a route to the iconic profile without needing the rare clone-only cut.
What sets Arcata Trainwreck apart is the unmistakable lemon-lime, pine, and menthol bouquet wrapped in a spicy, peppery backbone. The combination of a terpinolene-dominant terpene profile with energetic, creative psychoactivity made it a West Coast legend. Santa Cruz Goatfarm’s S1 release honors that legacy with carefully executed selfing to retain the hallmark aroma, structure, and high.
In practical terms, Arcata Trainwreck S1 is a productive mid-flower finisher that thrives in controlled environments. Indoor flowering times typically land between 56 and 65 days, with yields that can exceed 450–550 g/m² under optimized conditions. The cultivar offers a distinct balance of old-school character and modern reliability, making it relevant for both boutique craft and scaled indoor production.
History and Origin
Arcata Trainwreck’s origin story is steeped in Northern California lore. The most cited parental rumor points to a Mexican sativa and Thai sativa crossed to an Afghani, combining tropical terpinolene-driven aromatics with a sturdier indica frame. Anecdotes even reference a train crash near a grow site that supposedly inspired the strain’s name, though that detail remains cultural myth rather than documented fact. What is documented is its popularity in Humboldt and Mendocino circles in the 1990s, spreading by hand-to-hand clone distribution.
The Arcata cut, often called the E-32 Arcata Trainwreck in some circles, became prized for its loud nose and heady, creative effects. Because it circulated as a clone-only plant, access was limited and subject to the reliability of cuts. This scarcity cemented the cut’s reputation but made it challenging for many growers to obtain. As the regulated market expanded, demand grew for seed-based lines that faithfully captured the clone’s unmistakable personality.
Santa Cruz Goatfarm stepped into that gap by producing Arcata Trainwreck S1, a feminized selfed line. Selfing enables preservation of key traits like the terpinolene-dominant terpene stack, fast onset effects, and classic spear-shaped colas. While no seed line is a carbon copy of a clone, the S1 approach reliably concentrates the most defining attributes. The result is access to the Arcata Trainwreck experience for breeders, craft growers, and home cultivators who previously relied on rare clone access.
In a broader historical context, Trainwreck-type cultivars have influenced multiple West Coast profiles and breeding projects. Their early finishing times, manageable structure, and vibrant aromatics made them a staple in Northern California’s climate. Arcata Trainwreck S1 continues that lineage, making the archetype repeatable in seed form with coherent selection pathways.
Genetic Lineage and the Logic of S1 Breeding
Genetically, Arcata Trainwreck is commonly described as a three-way hybrid: Mexican sativa × Thai sativa × Afghani indica. Although exact lineage records are not publicly verifiable, morphology and chemistry align with that narrative. The terpinolene top-note, citrus-pine aromatics, and racy early effects hint at Southeast Asian and Mexican ancestry. Meanwhile, the structure, resin output, and mid-cycle finish reflect indica influences likely derived from Afghani genetics.
S1 breeding involves reversing a stable female with a silver-based agent and using that pollen to self-pollinate the same plant. This creates feminized S1 seeds while increasing homozygosity at many loci, effectively locking in core traits. Compared to outcrossed feminized seeds, S1s reduce genetic noise so selection decisions are more straightforward. For iconic clone-only cultivars like the Arcata cut, S1s are a practical preservation strategy.
In Arcata Trainwreck S1, growers can expect a dominant cluster of phenotypes to mirror the terpinolene-forward mother. In practice, roughly 60–75% of plants in S1 populations of terpinolene-dominant lines express a similar terpene hierarchy, with a minority drifting toward myrcene or ocimene emphasis. This distribution helps selectors find an authentic “Arcata-like” keeper within a small to medium seed run. Subtle differences often appear in internode spacing, leaf serration, or the degree of menthol-camphor sharpness.
Santa Cruz Goatfarm’s role is pivotal—capturing a revered clone’s profile while offering growers reliable, feminized seed. The goal is not absolute cloning but sensory and performance fidelity. With proper phenohunting, cultivators can identify plants that are virtually indistinguishable from the original in aroma, flavor, and effect. That combination of access and authenticity is the value proposition behind Arcata Trainwreck S1.
Appearance and Morphology
Arcata Trainwreck S1 plants are medium-tall with pronounced apical dominance, especially if left untrained. Internodal spacing usually sits in the 1.5–3 inch (4–7.5 cm) range indoors, tightening under high PPFD and cooler night temps. The foliage exhibits narrow-to-medium leaflets, more sativa-leaning in silhouette but with broader petioles and robust stems. The canopy architecture favors vertical spear colas that respond very well to topping and trellising.
During flower, buds stack into long, tapering colas with a high calyx-to-leaf ratio, simplifying trimming. Resin coverage is heavy by week 5, with glandular trichomes producing a glassy sheen across the bracts and sugar leaves. Mature pistils often transition from pale cream to rusty orange, contrasting against lime to forest-green calyces. Under high light and cool nights, occasional anthocyanin blush can appear at the leaf edges.
Stretch from flip is typically 1.5× to 2×, depending on pre-flip vegetative vigor and light spectrum. Branches are sturdy but benefit from a double-layer trellis for dense canopies and to prevent cola flop in late flower. Bud density is medium-high, avoiding the “rock-hard” character that can invite botrytis in humid rooms. In optimal conditions, bud structure is aerated enough to resist mold, yet tight enough to dry and cure efficiently.
Foxtailing is minimal in stable environmental bands but can show under prolonged high heat or excess blue-heavy spectra. Proper environmental controls keep the bud architecture classic: elongated, stacked calyces with minimal leaf. The overall bag appeal is heightened by sparkling trichs and the long-cola silhouette that made Trainwreck famous. Growers often remark that the plant “looks fast,” and indeed, it tends to ripen consistently in the 8–9 week window.
Aroma and Flavor
The aromatic signature of Arcata Trainwreck S1 is unmistakably terpinolene-led. Expect bright lemon-lime and sweet pine at first crack, followed by a cooling menthol-camphor note that reads as eucalyptus or wintergreen. As buds mature and cure, secondary tones of cedar shavings, crushed pepper, and wildflower come forward. In some phenotypes, a faint diesel-wax undertone appears when ground.
On the palate, the inhale is bright and zesty with a lime peel snap and a polished pine resin finish. Mid-draw, a spearmint or menthol glide can offer a cool sensation that complements the citrus top end. The exhale often delivers a peppery, herbal spice backed by subtle woodiness, a nod to caryophyllene and pinene contributions. The aftertaste lingers clean, with a sweet-citrus echo and light pepper prickle.
Burn quality improves dramatically with a slow, cool cure, revealing layered terpene complexity. At 10–14 days of hang-dry followed by 3–6 weeks of jar cure, the nose opens from sharp citrus to a broader orchard-citrus spectrum. Vaporization between 175–190°C preserves the green, minty facets and reduces pepper bite. Combusted, the cultivar still showcases its brightness but leans slightly spicier on the finish.
Aroma intensity is high; in sealed jars, headspace saturation is noticeable within minutes. Terpene volatility means storage matters—overly warm conditions can mute the citrus and menthol edges. A proper cure accentuates the distinct “Trainwreck” bouquet that many enthusiasts identify blind by aroma alone.
Cannabinoid Profile
Arcata Trainwreck S1 is typically THC-dominant with low CBD. In grower and lab reports for Trainwreck-type cuts, total THC commonly falls between 18% and 24% by dry weight, with elite phenotypes occasionally testing up to 25–27% under dialed-in cultivation. CBD is usually below 1%, often below 0.2%, so the chemotype is strongly Type I. Total cannabinoids frequently range 20–28% when including minors.
Minor cannabinoids may include CBG in the 0.2–0.6% range and trace CBC. Some Trainwreck-adjacent analyses show THCV in low fractions (e.g., 0.1–0.4%), although THCV expression is variable and phenotype-dependent. Because this is an S1 of a clone known for potency rather than CBD content, CBD phenotypes are unlikely. It is reasonable to expect consistent THC-forward chemovars across the majority of seeds.
The pharmacological profile—THC-rich with a terpinolene-predominant terpene stack—translates to fast-onset psychoactivity. Inhaled, primary effects often appear within 2–5 minutes and peak by 15–25 minutes, lasting 2–3 hours in most users. Edible preparations extend duration substantially to 4–8 hours, but the cultivar’s characteristic “speed” is most apparent in inhaled routes. Beginners should approach dosing conservatively given the quick ramp.
As always, real-world numbers depend on cultivation conditions, harvest timing, and lab methodology. High-light PPFD (900–1,200 μmol/m²/s), CO₂ enrichment (900–1,200 ppm), and meticulous post-harvest management can elevate total cannabinoids by several percentage points. Conversely, heat stress, nutrient imbalance, or premature harvest can depress potency by 2–5 percentage points. Lab-to-lab variation typically introduces ±1–2% reporting differences, so interpret ranges rather than absolutes.
Terpene Profile
The defining terpene in Arcata Trainwreck S1 is terpinolene, which frequently occupies the top slot in Trainwreck-type chemotypes. In many lab reports for analogous cuts, terpinolene can range from 0.4% to 1.2% by dry weight, sometimes higher in exceptional specimens. Total terpene content typically lands between 1.5% and 3.5%, with 2.0–2.8% being common in well-grown indoor flowers. Secondary terpenes often include β-myrcene, β-caryophyllene, α-pinene, and ocimene.
A representative distribution might look like: terpinolene 0.6–1.1%, β-myrcene 0.2–0.6%, β-caryophyllene 0.2–0.5%, α-pinene 0.1–0.3%, and ocimene 0.05–0.25%. Limonene and linalool may appear in trace-to-minor amounts, rounding sweetness and floral hints. The peppery bite on exhale is consistent with caryophyllene presence, which is also notable as a CB2 receptor agonist. Pine notes correlate with pinene isomers, supporting the evergreen top notes.
Terpinolene-dominant chemotypes are relatively uncommon compared to myrcene- or limonene-predominant cannabis, which partly explains Arcata Trainwreck’s distinctiveness. The synergy between terpinolene, pinene, and low-level ocimene yields a “bright and breathable” character reported by many users. With proper curing, the bouquet broadens rather than flattens, as terpinolene’s fruity-lime and herbal facets grow more nuanced. Storage at 15–20°C and low light exposure helps retain the top notes.
Because this is an S1 from a terpinolene-led mother, most plants will express a similar terpene hierarchy. A minority may tip toward myrcene-dominance, showing more earthy, musky sweetness and slightly heavier body effects. Selectors seeking the Arcata archetype should prioritize the sharp lemon-lime + menthol/pine core in stem rubs and early flower. Lab terpene tests can confirm a terpinolene leadership and guide keeper selection with data.
Experiential Effects
Arcata Trainwreck S1 is famed for a rapid onset that many describe as a sudden lift or mental “zoom.” The first phase is intensely cerebral, often characterized by enhanced sensory acuity, idea generation, and a buoyant mood. Some users report a 10–20 bpm increase in heart rate shortly after inhalation—consistent with stimulant-leaning terpene stacks—so sensitive individuals should go slow. The initial rush typically settles into a more organized, clear-headed focus after 20–30 minutes.
The middle window delivers clean, creative energy without heavy body sedation. Users commonly describe it as functional euphoria—excellent for brainstorming, music, or light outdoor activity. As the experience progresses, a gentle body relaxation arrives without couchlock, especially in terpinolene-forward phenotypes. The arc is uplifting, social, and mentally active, in contrast to sedative myrcene-dominant cultivars.
Duration averages 2–3 hours for inhaled routes, with a clear taper rather than a hard drop-off. High doses can trigger racy or anxious notes in susceptible users, so measured dosing is recommended. Pairing with a terpene-balanced strain rich in linalool or myrcene can modulate intensity for those prone to overactivation. Hydration helps mitigate dry mouth, which is reported frequently with this cultivar.
Task performance varies by individual, but many users find Arcata Trainwreck S1 suitable for daytime use, creative pursuits, and social settings. Its stimulating nature makes late-night use less ideal for those with sleep difficulties. For new users, start with 1–2 small inhalations and wait at least 10 minutes before consuming more, as the early peak can be deceptively strong.
Potential Medical Uses
While clinical research on specific cultivars remains limited, Arcata Trainwreck S1’s chemotype suggests distinct therapeutic potentials. The uplifting mood and energizing focus may benefit individuals with depressive symptoms or low motivation. Terpinolene- and pinene-rich profiles are often reported to support alertness and perceived cognitive clarity, potentially aiding fatigue and attentional challenges. However, those with anxiety disorders should titrate cautiously due to the cultivar’s brisk onset.
β-Caryophyllene’s action as a CB2 agonist (binding affinity reported in the ~150 nM range) suggests anti-inflammatory potential and may contribute to analgesia. Users anecdotally report relief for tension headaches and neuropathic discomfort, possibly via THC-CBG synergy with caryophyllene. The pepper-influenced finish correlates with this terpene and may be a sensory cue for some seekers of anti-inflammatory effects. Low CBD content means it relies on THC-terpene interplay rather than CBD modulation.
The cultivar’s high THC and engaging aromatics can help with appetite stimulation and nausea control, particularly via inhaled routes where onset is rapid. Some migraine sufferers report benefit from terpinolene-forward sativas when dosed at the earliest aura or prodrome stage, though individual responses vary. For sleep issues, Arcata Trainwreck S1 is less ideal; evening use can delay sleep onset, but the later taper may relax body tension. Patients often pair it with a more sedative cultivar at night.
For medical users, recommended starting doses are conservative: 1–2 small inhalations, observe for 10–15 minutes, and reassess. Edible dosing should begin at 1–2.5 mg THC due to delayed onset and longer duration. As always, medical decisions should be made with a healthcare provider, particularly for individuals with cardiovascular concerns or anxiety disorders.
Comprehensive Cultivation Guide
Arcata Trainwreck S1 responds well to both soil and soilless media, thriving under high light and consistent environmental control. In veg, maintain day temperatures of 24–27°C (75–80°F) and nights 18–21°C (65–70°F), with RH at 55–65% and VPD around 0.9–1.2 kPa. In flower, target 24–26°C (75–79°F) day and 18–20°C (65–68°F) night, with RH at 45–50% early and 42–45% by weeks 6–9. Keep VPD near 1.2–1.5 kPa to balance transpiration and resin production.
Lighting at 800–1,100 μmol/m²/s PPFD in flower optimizes cannabinoid and terpene development; CO₂ at 900–1,200 ppm supports this intensity. In hydro or coco, maintain root-zone EC at 1.6–2.1 mS/cm during mid–late flower, with pH 5.7–6.1. In living soil, top-dress with balanced organic inputs and maintain consistent moisture at 70–80% field capacity. Cal-Mag supplementation is often beneficial under LED lighting.
Nutrient strategy should emphasize moderate nitrogen in early flower with elevated potassium from week 4 onward. A practical target is 120–150 ppm N in veg, tapering slightly post-stretch, with potassium rising to 250–300 ppm during bulking. Phosphorus around 60–80 ppm in early–mid flower is adequate; excess P does not consistently translate to improved yields. Maintain sulfur and micronutrients to support terpene synthesis; sulfur at 50–80 ppm is a helpful benchmark.
Trainability is excellent. Topping at the 4th–5th node followed by low-stress training creates a flat, productive canopy. Expect 1.5×–2× stretch, so manage vertical space by flipping at 60–70% of target height. A two-tier trellis stabilizes the long colas, preventing leaning and microclimates that invite powdery mildew.
In terms of irrigation, frequent, smaller feedings maintain oxygenation and prevent over-saturation. In coco with 20–30% perlite, 2–4 irrigations per light cycle with 10–20% runoff is common at peak transpiration. In soil, water deeply but less frequently, letting the top inch dry to deter fungus gnats. Ensure robust airflow with 0.3–0.5 m/s canopy breeze and 15–25 air exchanges per hour in sealed rooms.
Flowering time averages 56–65 days from flip, though some keepers benefit from 62–66 days for full aroma development. Indoors, yields of 450–550 g/m² are achievable with high PPFD, CO₂, and optimized nutrition. Outdoors in favorable climates, plants can reach 1.5–3.0 kg per plant with proper training and early-season vigor. The cultivar’s moderately open bud structure helps mitigate botrytis in coastal regions compared to ultra-dense indica buds.
Pest and disease management should be proactive. Arcata Trainwreck S1 is reasonably resistant under good airflow, but powdery mildew can appear in stagnant, humid canopies. Implement integrated pest management with weekly scouting, environmental discipline, and rotation of biocontrols like Bacillus subtilis, Beauveria bassiana, and predatory mites. Keep leaf surfaces clean and avoid over-fertilizing nitrogen, which can soften tissues and attract pests.
For greenhouse and outdoor grows, this cultivar appreciates full sun and excellent air movement. In coastal Northern California, it often finishes by late September to early October, beating heavy rains. In continental climates, select the earliest-finishing phenotypes to avoid frost and late-season humidity pressure. Mulch and drip irrigation improve water-use efficiency and root health.
Cloning is straightforward, with cuts typically rooting in 7–10 days under 24–26°C and 80–90% RH. Use a mild, balanced cloning solution and reduce leaf area to limit transpiration. Once rooted, transplants benefit from a rapid early veg with ample blue-red balanced light to set strong branching. Keep mothers on moderate feeding to prevent hollow stems and to maintain cutting quality.
Santa Cruz Goatfarm’s S1 release means most plants are female, simplifying garden planning. Phenohunting 5–10 seeds often reveals at least one plant with a textbook Arcata nose and the desired effect profile. Document each plant’s vigor, internode spacing, and aroma evolution across weeks 4–8 of flower. Use these notes alongside lab terpene tests, if available, to make data-driven keeper selections.
Harvest, Drying, and Curing
Visual ripeness corresponds well with trichome maturity in this cultivar. Peak harvest commonly occurs when most trichomes are cloudy with 5–15% amber, which for many phenotypes aligns with day 60–64. Harvesting earlier at mostly cloudy will emphasize bright, racy effects and sharper citrus. Waiting to 10–15% amber adds body and rounds the spice with a warmer finish.
Pre-harvest practices can influence flavor density. A 10–14 day finish with balanced feed and stable environment is preferable to abrupt flushing that can stress plants. If you flush, keep it gentle for 5–7 days while maintaining environmental stability to preserve terpenes. Darkness periods are optional; if used, 24–36 hours is sufficient—avoid multi-day dark cycles that risk humidity spikes.
Drying should target 15–18°C (59–64°F) and 58–62% RH for 10–14 days to retain terpinolene and pinene. Gentle air movement, not directly on the flowers, minimizes terpene loss while preventing microclimates. Buds are ready to jar when small stems snap and larger stems bend with an audible crack. Water activity targets of 0.55–0.65 (roughly 58–62% RH) are ideal for long-term storage.
Curing unlocks Arcata Trainwreck’s layered bouquet. Burp jars for 5–10 minutes daily during the first week, then every 2–3 days for weeks 2–3, tapering as moisture homogenizes. At 3–6 weeks, the citrus-menthol top end broadens, the pine polishes, and the pepper notes integrate. Properly cured flowers hold peak aroma and flavor for 3–6 months when stored at 15–20°C in the dark.
For concentrates, fresh-frozen material pulled at day 58–62 can produce exceptional live resin with a vivid lime-mint brightness. Hydrocarbon extraction highlights terpinolene and pinene, while rosin pressing favors resin-rich, low-leaf colas. Expect terpene totals in the 5–12% range in live extracts, depending on phenotype and process. Always observe safety and local regulations when processing.
Comparisons and Phenotype Selection
When selecting within Arcata Trainwreck S1, prioritize the sensory signature that defines the Arcata archetype. Look for a dominant lemon-lime nose with sweet pine and a cool menthol-camphor streak on a peppery spine. Early stem rubs by week 3–4 of flower can already reveal terpinolene-led plants, which often smell like green apple skin or citrus zest mixed with pine needles. On the plant, keepers tend to show balanced internode spacing and strong apical drive without excessive leafiness.
In a small hunt of 5–10 seeds, it is common to find 1–3 phenotypes that strongly echo the Arcata cut. A minority may lean earthier and musky, indicating myrcene-forward expression with slightly more body sedation. Another minority may bring a sweeter, floral edge with a lighter pepper finish, a sign of elevated linalool or ocimene stacking. Each can be excellent, but the classic profile remains terpinolene-led with the citrus-mint-pine triad.
Compared to other Trainwreck lines, Arcata Trainwreck S1 tends to finish consistently in the 8–9 week window with a slightly more refined citrus-mint top-end. Some Trainwreck crosses push fuel or skunk tones; the Arcata S1 is cleaner and brighter. Against contemporary terpinolene cultivars like Jack or certain Durban-leaning cuts, Arcata Trainwreck S1 is less anise and more lime-mint, with a peppery caryophyllene finish. Many growers find it easier to manage canopy-wise than ultra-stretchy Haze lines.
Data can power your selection decisions. When possible, send small flower samples from candidate keepers for third-party terpene panels. A target profile showing terpinolene at the top with measurable caryophyllene and pinene correlates well with the sensory and effect archetype. Record flowering days, yield, and disease resistance to round out the selection with practical performance metrics.
The Role of Santa Cruz Goatfarm
Santa Cruz Goatfarm is credited with bringing Arcata Trainwreck S1 to market, translating a beloved clone-only into accessible seed form. Their approach with S1s is to preserve hallmark chemotype and structure while allowing growers to select for environment-specific performance. This is especially valuable for cultivators who cannot source or maintain the original Arcata clone. Seed access also reduces the biosecurity risks that can accompany informal clone exchange.
The selfing methodology relies on precise plant reversal and pollen management to ensure clean, reliable feminized seeds. By concentrating the genetic identity of the mother plant, Santa Cruz Goatfarm increases the likelihood of finding an “Arcata-like” phenotype in small pheno hunts. This preserves cultural and sensory heritage while modernizing the path to propagation. The result is a practical, breeder-friendly platform for further work or straightforward production.
In the broader breeding landscape, S1 releases of iconic clones have become essential genetic building blocks. Arcata Trainwreck S1 offers authentic terpinolene-forward genetics to cross into fruit, fuel, or dessert lines, broadening aromatic palettes. For craft producers, it provides a marketable throwback profile that still tests competitively in potency and terpenes. Santa Cruz Goatfarm’s contribution helps ensure this Northern California classic remains both preserved and evolvable.
Conclusion
Arcata Trainwreck S1 captures the heart of a West Coast legend with modern, grower-friendly accessibility. The cultivar’s calling cards—terpinolene-bright citrus and pine, a menthol-cool finish, and an uplifting, creative high—are present across most phenotypes. Santa Cruz Goatfarm’s S1 approach provides a dependable pathway to the Arcata experience, enabling small hunts to yield keeper-level plants. This democratizes a once rare, clone-only treasure.
Beyond nostalgia, Arcata Trainwreck S1 stands on measurable performance. Flowering in 56–65 days, delivering 450–550 g/m² indoors under high-intensity cultivation, and regularly achieving total terpene levels of 1.5–3.5%, it satisfies both quality and productivity metrics. Its architecture is easy to train, its resin is abundant, and its dry-cure reveals remarkable aromatic depth.
For medical and adult-use consumers, the effects are purposeful and energetic, with a clean taper that supports daytime function. For breeders and growers, the line offers stable selection for a classic profile that still feels fresh in modern menus. In short, Arcata Trainwreck S1 is both a preservation of cannabis history and a high-performing tool for the present—and it smells unmistakably like it.
Quick Reference Statistics
Flowering time: 56–65 days indoors; late September–early October outdoors in favorable climates.
Yield: 450–550 g/m² indoors; 1.5–3.0 kg per plant outdoors with training.
Cannabinoids: THC commonly 18–24% (up to 25–27% in elite phenotypes); CBD typically <0.2%; total cannabinoids often 20–28%.
Terpenes: Total 1.5–3.5% typical; terpinolene 0.4–1.2% leading; secondary β-myrcene 0.2–0.6%, β-caryophyllene 0.2–0.5%, α-pinene 0.1–0.3%, ocimene 0.05–0.25%.
Environment: Day 24–27°C veg/24–26°C flower; RH 55–65% veg/45–50% flower; VPD 0.9–1.2 kPa veg/1.2–1.5 kPa flower.
Nutrition: 120–150 ppm N in veg; P 60–80 ppm; K 250–300 ppm in late flower; EC 1.6–2.1 mS/cm in coco/hydro.
Training: Top at 4th–5th node; 1.5×–2× stretch; double-layer trellis recommended.
Post-harvest: Dry 10–14 days at 15–18°C, 58–62% RH; cure 3–6 weeks; target water activity 0.55–0.65.
