Written by Ad OpsHistory and Breeding Background
Amy’s Apple Pie occupies a distinct niche in the modern “dessert” cultivar movement, a wave of hybrids built to deliver confectionery aromas alongside high resin output. Bred by Taylormade Selections, the strain reflects a deliberate pursuit of bakery-style aromatics and a balanced indica/sativa experience. While public documentation on its earliest release dates is limited, the cultivar fits squarely within the 2018–2024 era trend of flavor-first breeding. That trend prioritized terpene density and confection-like profiles, answering growing consumer interest in fruit-forward, pastry, and candy expressions.
Taylormade Selections has been recognized by connoisseurs for phenotype hunting that emphasizes aromatic complexity, bag appeal, and grower-friendly vigor. In this context, Amy’s Apple Pie reads like a purpose-built project to capture apple, spice, and buttery pastry notes many enthusiasts associate with fall desserts. The breeder’s emphasis on balanced hybrid effects complements the flavor profile, making the strain equally suitable for daytime creativity and evening unwinding. This duality mirrors broader market data, where hybrids dominate menus precisely because of their flexible, situational utility.
Although specific release metrics remain scarce, the strain’s reception among small-batch cultivators suggests it is appreciated for its manageable structure and generous trichome coverage. Reports from grower forums and buyer notes highlight its ability to retain aroma through cure when handled carefully. As with many flavor-driven cultivars, careful post-harvest handling strongly influences consumer experience, and Amy’s Apple Pie appears to reward precision with standout pastry aromatics. The cultivar’s name and sensory framing also make it memorable on retail menus.
In the context of evolving consumer preferences, Amy’s Apple Pie underscores how brand identity and sensory storytelling matter as much as lab numbers. Flavor-forward hybrids with clear culinary references often score high with repeat purchasers. The name itself signals a sensory promise, and in this case, Taylormade Selections aimed to deliver crisp apple top notes rounded by spice and warmth. That combination situates Amy’s Apple Pie among the more polished examples of dessert-style craft genetics.
Genetic Lineage and Inheritance
The official breeder attribution is clear—Amy’s Apple Pie was created by Taylormade Selections—while its precise parentage has not been publicly standardized. The heritage is indica/sativa, pointing to a balanced hybrid architecture rather than a narrow chemotype. Given the apple-forward profile, comparable aromatic lineages in the broader market often trace to Apple Fritter, Sour Apple, or terpinolene-leaning fruit lines. However, absent official disclosure, these references should be treated as analogous rather than definitive.
From a chemotype perspective, apple and pastry notes in cannabis often arise from specific terpene combinations rather than a single dominant compound. Myrcene, limonene, beta-caryophyllene, and linalool can combine to create warm, spiced undertones, while esters and aldehydes contribute fleeting green-fruity top notes. Some growers also report discrete presence of farnesene, which is associated with apple peel in nature and has been detected at low levels in certain cannabis samples. Even trace parts-per-million levels of these minor volatiles can shape the “crisp apple” impression when paired with brighter monoterpenes.
The indica/sativa balance implied by the breeder is consistent with the cultivar’s reported growth habits and effects. Hybrid vigor is typically associated with more resilient rooting, faster vegetative growth, and adaptable internode spacing. In Amy’s Apple Pie, those traits reportedly translate into a plant that tolerates moderate training while developing dense, resin-rich tops. That balance also tends to produce a rounded high that begins cerebral and settles into a comfortable body ease.
In the absence of published genomic assays for this specific strain, inference rests on phenotype and sensory outcomes. The baked-apple signature suggests at least one parent with a dessert or fruit-leaning terpene profile and another contributing structure and resin density. Beta-caryophyllene frequently appears in pastry-like hybrids, lending a peppery-spice spine that reads as “crust” or “brown sugar” when paired with sweet notes. Such inheritance patterns are aligned with the breeder’s stated goal of a flavorful, balanced hybrid.
Morphology and Visual Appearance
Amy’s Apple Pie tends to present as a medium-stature hybrid with a compact to moderately open canopy structure. Growers commonly report a 1.6x to 2.2x stretch during the first two weeks after flip, indicating manageable vertical growth. Tight internodal spacing on topped plants allows for uniform flower sites across a trained manifold or simple SCROG. This architecture supports dense colas without excessive larf when light penetration is optimized.
The flowers themselves are typically medium-dense to very dense, expressing a calyx-forward structure and heavy resin coverage. Trichome heads are abundant, with capitate-stalked glands frequently in the 70–120 µm range, which is favorable for solventless extraction. Coloration ranges from lime to forest green, often accented by orange to apricot pistils that turn russet as the plant matures. Under cooler night temperatures in late flower, anthocyanins can produce faint lavender flashes along sugar leaves.
A high calyx-to-leaf ratio is a reported trait, which reduces trimming labor and improves post-harvest efficiency. Under optimized feeding and environment, bracts swell noticeably from week six onward, creating a “frosted crust” effect that fits the pastry theme. Resin production is visibly robust, often leaving a tacky feel even after a light dry trim. This stickiness indicates healthy biosynthesis of cannabinoids and terpenes, especially when environmental stress is controlled.
Bag appeal is a major asset for Amy’s Apple Pie, with the macroscopic frost and neat bud architecture drawing immediate attention. Colas maintain form during cure and resist over-crumbing if dried at proper humidity. When broken open, the interior reveals thick resin rings and lighter, lime-green calyx cores. This visual dynamic and the aromatic pop on grind contribute to its desirability among connoisseurs and retail buyers alike.
Aroma and Bouquet
The aromatic profile centers on crisp apple top notes with warming pastry undertones. On first crack, expect a flash of green-apple zest that quickly rounds into cinnamon, brown sugar, and vanilla-like impressions. Some phenotypes add a subtle buttery note that reads as pie crust, especially after a week or two of curing. The bouquet is bright but layered, with the spice elements anchoring the sweetness.
Terpene candidates for this profile often include limonene for citrus-bright lift, beta-caryophyllene for pepper-spice warmth, and myrcene for a ripe, slightly musky fruit core. Linalool and bisabolol may lend floral softness that reads as vanilla or bakery frosting to some noses. Trace volatiles, including aldehydes like hexanal or nonanal and esters formed during curing, can contribute to the apple impression even at very low concentrations. Total aroma intensity tends to increase by 10–20% subjectively after a slow, controlled dry and the first 10–14 days of cure.
Handling and environment strongly affect bouquet. Flowers dried at 60% relative humidity and 60°F (the “60/60” approach) consistently retain monoterpenes better than flowers dried hotter and drier. Studies on volatile retention suggest terpene loss accelerates above 25°C, and excessive airflow can strip lighter monoterpenes. Amy’s Apple Pie responds well to gentle drying, which helps preserve the delicate fruit top notes.
During grind, the profile intensifies and often adds a baked-apple cinnamon edge. This is when the peppery backbone of beta-caryophyllene tends to show up strongest, balancing sweetness. Some batches reveal a faint clove-like spice that complements the pie theme. The final impression is dessert-forward without becoming cloying, likely due to the balanced terpene scaffold.
Flavor and Mouthfeel
On inhalation, Amy’s Apple Pie delivers a clean, crisp apple brightness that sits at the front of the palate. As the vapor or smoke blooms, the mid-palate shifts into cinnamon-sugar and lightly toasted pastry notes. The exhale is where the “crust” impression peaks, with a warm, peppery finish indicative of beta-caryophyllene. The aftertaste lingers with gentle sweetness and a faint, buttered-biscuit echo.
Vaporizer temperature significantly influences the flavor stack. At 175–185°C, monoterpenes like limonene and linalool shine, maximizing the fresh apple and floral aspects. At 190–205°C, deeper spice and pastry notes swell as sesquiterpenes and heavier volatiles volatilize more fully. Combustion smoothness correlates strongly with a proper cure and consistent water activity in the 0.62–0.65 range.
Mouthfeel is plush and slightly oily, reflecting robust resin content. When dried correctly, the draw feels smooth with minimal throat bite, minimizing coughing even on larger inhalations. Over-drying below ~55% RH in storage tends to thin the mouthfeel and dull the apple top notes. Rehydrating with 62% humidity packs can restore some body but won’t fully recover lost volatiles.
Pairings that accentuate the flavor include green tea, lightly sweet apple cider, or a crisp pilsner with subtle spice. For edibles or beverages, pairing with cinnamon or vanilla-forward bases amplifies the bakery character. Even simple palate cleansers like sparkling water highlight the contrast between apple brightness and pastry warmth. These pairings can make tasting sessions more vivid and memorable.
Cannabinoid Profile and Potency
As a flavor-forward hybrid, Amy’s Apple Pie is commonly reported in the mid-to-high THC bracket typical of modern dessert cultivars. While lab-verified ranges for this specific strain are not uniformly published, hybrids in this category often test between 18–26% total THC by weight. CBD is usually minor at <1%, with CBG often appearing in the 0.5–1.5% range and CBC in the 0.2–0.6% range. These figures position the strain as potent yet accessible for experienced users who titrate carefully.
To contextualize potency, a flower testing at 22% THCA contains roughly 220 mg of THCA per gram before decarboxylation. With efficient decarb, actual available THC will be slightly less than the THCA label due to mass loss when the carboxyl group is removed. In practice, a standard 0.5 g joint of 22% THCA flower contains about 110 mg THCA pre-combustion, of which an estimated 20–37% may become bioavailable depending on burn efficiency. That equates to roughly 22–41 mg THC reaching the consumer, a range consistent with inhalation studies showing variable delivery.
For concentrate production, the strain’s resin density gives favorable extraction yields, particularly for hydrocarbon and rosin methods. Ice water hash makers often target cultivars with abundant, easily detached capitate-stalked glands; Amy’s Apple Pie’s trichome coverage fits this brief. Typical solventless returns on well-grown dessert hybrids range from 4–6% from dried flower and 5–7% from fresh frozen, with outliers higher under ideal conditions. Terpene retention is generally higher in low-temperature processes, which helps preserve the apple-pastry signature.
Consumers sensitive to THC should note that the apple-forward sweetness can mask potency. Pleasant flavor can encourage larger draws, increasing dose beyond intention. Newer users are advised to start with smaller inhalations spaced 10 minutes apart to assess effect onset. This approach reduces the risk of overshooting comfort thresholds.
Terpene Profile and Minor Volatiles
A representative terpene distribution for Amy’s Apple Pie is likely to feature beta-caryophyllene, limonene, and myrcene as the leading constituents. In comparable dessert hybrids, total terpene content often ranges from 1.5–3.0% by dry weight under optimized cultivation. Beta-caryophyllene commonly lands around 0.4–0.9%, limonene around 0.3–0.8%, and myrcene around 0.3–0.9%. Secondary terpenes may include linalool at 0.1–0.4%, humulene at 0.1–0.3%, and farnesene at 0.1–0.3% when present.
The “apple” perception likely emerges from a synergy of limonene, farnesene, and trace aldehydes or esters formed during curing. While cannabis predominantly expresses terpenes and not large quantities of esters, small amounts can still shape the nose. Nonanal and hexanal, known contributors to green-fruit aromas in other plants, have been detected in some cannabis analyses at low ppm levels. Even at trace levels, these compounds can strongly influence top notes because of low sensory thresholds.
Monoterpenes like limonene and linalool drive the fresh, high-pitched facets, while sesquiterpenes like beta-caryophyllene and humulene keep the aromatic base grounded and warm. Myrcene bridges fruit and spice by adding a ripe, slightly musky breadth that reads as baked fruit in the right ratios. Farnesene, when present, adds the apple-skin nuance that elevates the overall illusion of pie. The interplay among these compounds explains why aroma intensifies and becomes more layered after a careful cure.
From a functional perspective, these terpenes also shape the experiential arc. Beta-caryophyllene’s CB2 receptor activity, limonene’s uplift, and linalool’s calming properties create a rounded profile. Myrcene can modulate the onset and perceived sedation, especially closer to bedtime. The result is an olfactory and experiential alignment that matches the strain’s name and consumer expectations.
Experiential Effects and Use Cases
Amy’s Apple Pie typically delivers a balanced hybrid effect that begins with clear-headed euphoria and soft focus. Within 2–10 minutes of inhalation, many users report a lift in mood and a mild energy uptick ideal for creative tasks or conversation. The middle phase transitions into body ease, with muscle tension dropping while mental clarity remains intact. This balance persists for 90–150 minutes for most, tapering into a comfortable afterglow.
The high’s character encourages activity without overstimulation when doses are moderate. On a 10-point scale, subjective stimulation often lands around 4–6 initially, while body relaxation finishes at 5–7, depending on tolerance. Users sensitive to racy sativas typically find Amy’s Apple Pie more manageable because the spice-forward base reins in jitters. At higher doses, the strain leans more sedating, making it versatile across dayparts.
Reported use cases include brainstorming, light exercise, cooking, and social settings where flavor becomes a conversation piece. The strain’s dessert identity also makes it popular for post-dinner sessions or cannabis-and-food pairings. Many consumers note that music and film become more engaging without losing the thread of the plot or conversation. This makes it a good candidate for gatherings where both sociability and relaxed comfort are desired.
Side effects are in line with potent hybrids, including dry mouth, dry eyes, and occasional transient tachycardia in sensitive users. As always, hydration and dose control mitigate most issues. Those with low tolerance should titrate slowly, as the pleasant flavor can lead to inadvertent overconsumption. Spacing inhalations by several minutes provides a safer, more predictive experience.
Potential Medical Applications
While no strain is a universal solution, Amy’s Apple Pie’s terpene and cannabinoid pattern aligns with several common therapeutic goals. Beta-caryophyllene, a well-documented CB2 receptor agonist, is associated with anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity in preclinical literature. Limonene has been studied for potential mood-elevating and anxiolytic effects, while linalool and bisabolol are linked to calming and soothing properties. Together with mid-to-high THC, this could support relief for stress, mild pain, and situational anxiety for some patients.
Anecdotally, patients report utility for tension-type headaches, muscular discomfort after exercise, and appetite stimulation. Myrcene’s sedative-analgesic properties seen in animal models may contribute to evening comfort and sleep onset at higher doses. For neuropathic pain, THC’s central modulation combined with beta-caryophyllene’s peripheral pathway engagement is a rational pairing. However, human evidence remains limited, and responses are individualized.
For mood, the uplifting front half of the experience can help with low motivation or situational blues. Limonene-rich profiles have been investigated for potential antidepressant-like activity, though robust clinical trials specific to cannabis terpenes are sparse. Patients with anxiety should start low, as THC can be biphasic—beneficial at low doses but potentially aggravating at higher levels. Titration and journaling of dose, timing, and outcomes can help identify personal therapeutic windows.
Forms of administration matter. Vaporization at lower temperatures may favor anxiolytic and mood-supportive effects by emphasizing monoterpenes, while edibles or tinctures can offer longer-lasting analgesia. Patients should consult clinicians, especially if taking medications metabolized by CYP450 enzymes that THC and CBD may affect. Responsible, guided use improves outcomes and safety.
Comprehensive Cultivation Guide
Growth habit and vigor: Amy’s Apple Pie behaves like a balanced hybrid with a responsive canopy and 1.6–2.2x stretch after flip. This makes it friendly to topping, low-stress training, and SCROG methods that even out the canopy plane. Plants exhibit good lateral branching and a calyx-forward flower structure that rewards strong light distribution. Phenos with tighter internodes can be thinned modestly to prevent humidity pockets around week three of flower.
Environment by stage: For seedlings and rooted clones, target 24–26°C leaf temperature, 75–85% RH, and a VPD of 0.4–0.8 kPa. Provide 100–250 µmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹ PPFD and 16–24 hours of light depending on your propagation protocol. In vegetative growth, shift to 24–28°C, 60–70% RH, and 0.8–1.2 kPa VPD with 300–600 µmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹ PPFD. In flower, stabilize at 22–26°C day, 18–22°C night, 45–55% RH early and 40–50% late, with 700–1000 µmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹ PPFD (up to ~1200 µmol with CO₂ enrichment).
Nutrients and EC: In coco/hydro, maintain pH 5.8–6.2; in peat/soil, 6.2–6.8. Start early veg at 1.0–1.3 mS/cm EC, mid-veg 1.4–1.7, early flower 1.7–2.0, and peak flower 1.8–2.2 depending on cultivar appetite and runoff readings. Keep Ca:Mg ratios near 2:1 and avoid excessive nitrogen after week three of flower to protect terpene expression. Silica at 50–100 ppm through mid-flower can improve stem strength without compromising aroma.
Training and canopy management: Top once or twice by week three of veg, then guide branches into a flat plane with LST. For SCROG, set your net 20–30 cm above the pots and fill to ~70–80% before flip, anticipating the stretch. Light defoliation at day 21 and day 42 of flower opens the canopy and reduces microclimates that favor powdery mildew. Avoid over-stripping, as some phenos rely on solar leaves for late-stage bulking.
Irrigation strategy: In inert media, aim for frequent, lighter irrigations that deliver 10–20% runoff per event to maintain root-zone stability. Substrate temperature around 20–22°C supports enzymatic activity and oxygen solubility. Automated drip with pulse feeds can stabilize EC and prevent swings that stress aroma. In living soil, water by weight and consider top-dressing with balanced amendments before flip and in early flower.
Flowering timeline and finish: Most phenotypes of balanced hybrids with dessert profiles finish between 56–63 days, with some extending to 63–70. Observe trichomes with a jeweler’s loupe, aiming for mostly cloudy with 5–15% amber for a balanced effect. If you desire more body relaxation, wait for 15–25% amber. Watch pistil coloration and calyx swelling, as Amy’s Apple Pie tends to bulk notably in the last 10–14 days.
CO₂ and yield: Under 900–1200 ppm CO₂, many hybrids show 15–30% biomass gains compared to ambient levels when light, nutrients, and water are non-limiting. Indoor yields for well-dialed rooms with LEDs commonly range from 400–650 g/m², with expert runs surpassing 700 g/m² in optimized conditions. Measured as grams per watt, 1.5–2.5 g/W is achievable with canopy uniformity and CO₂ enrichment. Outdoor and greenhouse plants can produce 600–900+ g per plant depending on pot size, season length, and IPM rigor.
IPM and disease resistance: Maintain a preventative program focusing on two-spotted spider mites, thrips, and powdery mildew. Rotate biologicals such as Bacillus subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens for mildew suppression in veg, and deploy predatory mites like Amblyseius swirskii and Neoseiulus californicus as needed. Avoid sulfur in flower to protect terpenes, and keep leaf surface temperatures and VPD in range to reduce mildew pressure. Sanitation, airflow, and leaf-spacing defoliation are critical, especially as dense colas form.
Terpene preservation: Lower night temperatures in late flower to 18–20°C and avoid excessive light intensity past week six that can oxidize delicate monoterpenes. Many growers back PPFD down by 10–15% in the final week. Provide a 24–48 hour dark period before harvest only if your environment allows stable temperature and humidity; evidence is mixed, but some growers report improved perceived aroma. The most significant gains come from a precise dry and cure rather than last-minute tweaks.
Substrate choices: In coco/perlite blends, the cultivar responds well to high-frequency fertigation and consistent EC, rewarding precision with resin density. In living soil beds, focus on a balanced mineral profile and steady moisture; the strain’s terpene complexity can excel with microbially active systems. Soilless runs may see slightly higher yields, while organics can maximize flavor purity. Choose the system that aligns with your goals and workflow.
Harvest, Drying, and Curing Protocol
Harvest timing: Use trichome maturity as your primary indicator, targeting mostly cloudy heads with 5–15% amber for a balanced effect. Calyx swell and reduced new pistil growth corroborate readiness. For more sedative effects, allow 15–25% amber while watching for terpene volatilization with extended time. Document timing across phenotypes to refine future runs.
Drying environment: Aim for 60°F and 60% RH for 10–14 days in the dark with gentle, indirect airflow. Branch hang or whole-plant hang can both work; whole-plant dries often run longer and can enhance smoothness. Keep air exchange sufficient to prevent stagnant pockets without blasting buds directly. Rapid drying above 25°C or with aggressive airflow can strip 20–40% of monoterpenes relative to a slow, controlled dry.
Trimming and water activity: Dry trim when outer leaves feel crisp but stems still bend with a slight snap, indicating internal moisture has equalized. Post-trim, cure in airtight containers, monitoring water activity at 0.62–0.65 for optimal microbial stability and terpene preservation. Use humidity packs to stabilize if needed, but avoid over-humidification above 0.70 aw to prevent mold risk. Initial burping once daily for 5–7 days, then weekly checks for 2–4 weeks, helps dial in equilibrium.
Cure duration and outcomes: Most batches hit a flavor peak between weeks three and six of cure, with perceived aroma intensity often rising 10–20% over the first month. Weight loss from harvest to finished flower typically ranges 20–30% as moisture equilibrates. Properly cured Amy’s Apple Pie displays a vivid apple-cinnamon nose that remains stable for several months under good storage. Labels should include harvest date to guide best-by windows for top-terpene enjoyment.
Storage, Shelf Life, and Quality Preservation
Terpenes are volatile and oxidize with heat, light, and oxygen exposure. Store finished flower at 15–18°C, 55–62% RH, in light-proof, airtight containers to maximize shelf life. Headspace should be minimized to reduce oxidation; vacuum or nitrogen-flushed packaging further curbs terpene loss. Avoid frequent container openings, which introduce oxygen and humidity swings.
Under ideal conditions, aroma and potency remain near peak for 60–90 days, with gradual declines thereafter. By six months, many flowers show noticeable reductions in top-note brightness due to monoterpene evaporation and oxidation. Elevated temperatures accelerate this curve; every 10°C rise can roughly double reaction rates in many chemical systems. For long-term storage, consider deep-cool, dark environments and use small-format packaging to limit repeated exposure.
Grinding should occur as close to consumption as possible to preserve volatiles. Ground material loses aroma faster due to increased surface area, with significant declines within 24–72 hours. For retailers, cold-chain logistics and tight inventory rotation protect the cultivar’s dessert signature. For consumers, simple habits like cool, dark storage and portioning into smaller jars make a measurable difference.
Safety, Dosing, and Responsible Use
Potent hybrids require mindful dosing, especially for newer or low-tolerance users. For inhalation, begin with one small draw, wait 10 minutes, and assess before continuing. Typical comfortable inhaled THC ranges per session for many users are 5–20 mg, though individual sensitivity varies widely. The pleasant flavor of Amy’s Apple Pie can encourage larger inhalations, so deliberate pacing is wise.
For edibles, start at 2.5–5 mg THC and wait at least 2 hours before redosing. Edible onset ranges from 30–120 minutes, with duration stretching 4–8 hours depending on metabolism and stomach content. Combining alcohol with high-THC edibles can intensify effects and is generally discouraged for new users. Those with cardiovascular concerns should consult a clinician and avoid aggressive dosing.
Drug-drug interactions are possible because cannabinoids can influence cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in medication metabolism. Individuals on warfarin, certain antidepressants, or anti-seizure medications should seek medical guidance before use. Avoid driving or operating machinery under influence; reaction time and attention can be impaired even when users feel functional. Secure storage is essential to prevent accidental pediatric or pet exposure.
Tolerance can build with daily use, reducing effect intensity and altering side-effect profiles. Short tolerance breaks of 48–72 hours can reset sensitivity for many people. Hydration, nutrition, and environment also affect experience, with dehydration amplifying dry mouth and perceived intensity. Mindful routines help sustain a positive relationship with the cultivar.
Comparisons, Pairings, and Consumption Tips
Comparatively, Amy’s Apple Pie sits near other dessert-forward cultivars but leans more “apple and spice” than “heavy cream” or “dough.” Against a profile like Apple Fritter, it often presents brighter fruit and a slightly more peppery finish. Compared to candy-forward strains, it trades overt sweetness for a layered pastry motif. This gives it broader pairing potential with food and beverages.
Ideal pairings include cinnamon-dusted apples, mild cheeses like brie, or lightly sweet pastries that echo the crust note. Beverages such as oolong, chai, or semi-dry cider accentuate spice and fruit without overwhelming the palate. For savory options, pork loin with apple compote or roasted root vegetables harmonize with the cultivar’s warm undertones. These pairings make the tasting experience more dimensional and memorable.
Consumption methods shape the flavor arc. Convection-style vaporizers at 180–190°C accentuate apple brightness and preserve delicate volatiles. Joints and clean glass capture the pastry-spice backbone for those who prefer fuller body and warmth. For social settings, pre-rolls with a gentle grind size avoid hot spots and keep the flavor uniform throughout the session.
If you plan a comparative tasting, place Amy’s Apple Pie early in the lineup to appreciate its top-note subtlety before palate fatigue. Cleanse with water or unsalted crackers between samples to reset taste receptors. Keep sessions moderate to prevent sensory overload that can flatten nuanced aromas. Recording impressions helps refine future purchases and storage choices.
